1805NRS - Human Anatomy and Physiology Assignment

Assignment Task

Aim

In this assessment item you will have the opportunity to apply the knowledge you have gained in the first five weeks of the course. You will respond to questions pertaining to five scenarios, which will assess your knowledge of important anatomical and physiological concepts relating to body chemistry, cells, and the integumentary and skeletal systems.

Questions

1. Categorise each of the five (5) blood constituents in the table above as either an atom, ion, molecule, macromolecule, or cell

2. a) The concentration of Na+ in the blood test sits outside of the reference range. Considering your understanding of tonicity, which type of solution would this be referred to?

b) Referring to BOTH osmosis and diffusion, what is likely to happen to a cell exposed to this type of solution and briefly explain why?

3. In response to the pH and CO2 levels (refer to the table above), you have noticed that the patient’s breathing pattern begins to change. This is a physiological response of the body to attempt to maintain blood pH homeostasis. Referring to the specific components of the bicarbonate buffer system in your answer, explain how the patient’s breathing may change as a response to these values (ie. pH and CO2) and why?

4. Using your understanding of BOTH regional and directional terminology, accurately explain the location of the two abrasions indicated in the image below (A & B).

5. If you were to remove an ear in the image below, what type of sectional plane would this be?

6. a) Identify the two (2) organ systems that would be affected as a result of Bob’s condition (pulmonary hypertension).

b) What cavities/sub-cavities would you expect to find the primary organs of the systems outlined above?

7. Most organs of the human body contain all four (4) tissue types working together to allow the organ to perform its specific function. From the image of the respiratory tract below, choose EITHER A or B and (1) name two specific tissue types that are found in that chosen section of the tract, and (2) describe their function. In your answer you must include a unique structural feature of each tissue type that allows it to perform.

8. Name the two layers of skin (A & B - highlighted in the image below) that was affected by the burn. Briefly specify one (1) structure or cell type from each layer that would be compromised by the burn (1 mark each; 2 marks total) and explain what function would be compromised as a result of the damaged structure or cell.

9. Below is Kate’s X-Ray after the crash. Identify the bone that is fractured and describe the location of the fracture using specific medical terminology.

10. Describe the homeostatic mechanism used by the body to counteract a low plasma calcium level by filling in the blank sections (with the relevant structure) in the image below. Your answer should include whether it is an example of positive or negative feedback and why.

11. Martin asks if his exhaustion is associated with his disease – knowing the function of the mitochondria, what would you say to Martin (in lay terms)?

12. Martin is concerned about his future children inheriting the disease. Answer the following questions regarding inheritance patterns (you might like to use punnet squares to help you prepare your response, but they don’t need to be included in your answer).

a) If both parents are carriers (heterozygous) for a recessively inherited gene, what percentage of offspring will manifest the disease?

b) If only one parent contains a single copy (heterozygous) of a dominantly inherited disorder and the other parent is homozygous recessive, what percentage of offspring will have the disorder?

c) A mother is a carrier for an X-linked disease, what percentage of males will manifest the disease? And what percentage of females will manifest the disease?

d) Explain why there is a difference in X-linked inheritance patterns.

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