Highlights
It is important to note that the first and second assessment items for 3012CCJ are linked, so although the first item focuses on the literature review and research questions (or hypotheses), you should also be thinking about how others have investigated similar questions in the topic area you are focusing on (i.e., their research design, data collection methods, independent and dependent variables, and measurement issues such as validity and reliability, as well as any ethical issues that arise). This will help you to develop research questions that highlight gaps in our knowledge, or that resolve inconsistent findings in the literature, or that shed light how social contexts or mediating processes play a role in shaping the results of your research.
The four possible topic areas are quite broad, so you will need to narrow your focus. Here are some examples:
1. Sexual violence and abuse - you could narrow this by focusing on a particular population or process (e.g., onset or desistence of juvenile sex offending); gender (females sex offenders); offenders or victims, or offender-victim relationships; particular settings, (e.g., sexual assaults in higher education institutions; sexual assaults in the military).
2. Terrorism - you could focus on improving understanding of disenfranchised youth; you could study how radicalization occurs, or police response to terror threats or critical incidents involving active shooters.
3. Offender based research and crime patterns - you could focus on any aspect of life-course criminology or environmental criminology. This may include examining the life experiences over time of gang members or the geo-spatial distribution of gang related activities, or the criminal trajectories of white collar criminals.
4. 'What works to reduce offending' - you could focus on assessing the impact of an intervention that is designed to reduce offending (e.g., early intervention, situational, community or criminal justice approaches). The can be an innovative program, policy or practice being used within a police, probation or parole context.
Here are five types of research questions:
1. There is a key piece of knowledge missing because nobody has studied this particular problem or research question (relatively rare situation).
2. People have studied this question but the existing empirical studies have inconsistent findings and you think you know why, or you aim to shed light on why these inconsistencies exist.
3. People have studied this question but not using a specific type of methodology or approach (e.g., attitudinal versus behavioural measures; qualitative vs quantitative).
4. People have tried to answer the question or test the hypothesis, but not focusing on a specific population/sample of individuals (cross-cultural limitations).
5. The question has been explored before, but a critical interaction effect or mediating variable has not been considered for this particular outcome.
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