7312MED - Epidemiology Principles and Practices - Measures of Disease Frequency - Nursing Assignment Help

Assignment Task :

Question 1 (7312MED)

Diabetes is one of the fastest growing chronic diseases in Australia. The following table shows the total new cases of diabetes from January 2010 to December 2012 in Queensland and Northern Territory and the population data of the two states from Census survey in 2011.

1. Which measure of disease frequency (prevalence, cumulative incidence, incidence density or estimated incidence rate) is most suitable in this example? Provide two reasons to justify your answer. 

2. Calculate the overall disease occurrences (using a crude measure which was nominated in the previous question) of type II diabetics for both states. Please include a population multiplier of per 10,000 in your calculations and identify which state had a higher rate of type II diabetes. 

3. What were the risks (ie measure of disease frequency) of developing type II diabetes in different age groups in the two states? How does the risk of developing diabetes vary by age in each state? (Use an appropriate measure of association to quantify the variation). Based on your results, discuss whether or not age is a risk factor of type II diabetes in both states.

4. Compare the age structures in the populations of Queensland and Northern Territory (calculate percentage of each age group). Is the comparison of crude occurrences valid in consideration of the population structures in the two states? Why or Why not?

5. Use Australia’s population as the standard population to compute the direct standardised occurrences (age adjusted rates) of type II diabetes in Queensland and in Northern Territory. Compare the results of crude and standardised rates of the two states and interpret your findings. 

Question 2 

The following figure is a hypothetical follow up study to investigate the occurrence of Disease X. Assume that the total observation period was eight years. Please use per 100 people (or %) as the population multiplier for questions 2(a) to 2(d).

(a) What is the point prevalence at the middle of Year 7?

(b) What is the cumulative incidence from the beginning of Year 3 to the middle of Year 7? 

(c) What is the incidence rate (incidence density) during the 8-year study? 

(d) What is the case-fatality ratio of the disease during the entire study period?

Question 3 
A recent study assessed whether or not having hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection would increase the risk of B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphomas (B-NHL). The patients newly
diagnosed with B-NHL were identified in the hematology department wards of 10 cities in Country A. The control group consisted of patients admitted to other departments of the same hospitals. The table below presents the numbers of cases and controls as well as the numbers of HCV tests results by age.

1. What was the actual study design? Under similar research conditions, which type of study design would be most feasible? 

2. Calculate the appropriate measure to determine the strength of association between HCV and B-NHL regardless of the effect of age. Interpret your result briefly.

3. What percentage of B-NHL among patients with HCV positives could have been potentially prevented if they were not HCV positives? What is this measure called? Calculate the measure and explain your result briefly.

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