7312MED: Epidemiology - WHO Statistical Profiles - Epidemiology Assignment Help

Epidemiology Assignment Help

Task: 1 The following table presents hypothetical data of cumulative incidence of prostate cancer in men living in two different cities (City A and City B).

1. Calculate and compare the crude and age-specific incidence rates of prostate cancer per 100,000 men between the two cities. 
2. According to your results in Q1-a, is the comparison of crude rates valid in consideration of the age distributions in the two cities? Why or Why not? (Hint: calculate and compare the age structures of populations in the two cities) 
3. Compute and compare direct standardised incidence rates (per 100,000 men) of prostate cancer in City A and in City B using the given standard population (the shaded column of the table). Discuss the differences in the results of crude and standardised rates between the two cities. 
4. How does the risk of developing prostate cancer vary by age within each of the two cities? (Calculate appropriate measures to quantify the variation). Based on your results, is age a risk factor of prostate cancer for both cities? Interpret your results briefly

Task: 2 In 2000, 5,458 women were screened for cervical cancer and 92 were found to have CIN 3 stage or above (diagnostic of carcinoma of the cervix or carcinoma-in-situ). The women who did not have cervical cancer were re-screened in 2005 and another 60 cases were diagnosed.

1. a) What were the prevalences of cervical cancer among women involving in the screening of 2000 and the screening of 2005? 
2. b) Calculate the incidence of cervical cancer in these women. Is this a measure of cumulative incidence or estimated incidence rate? Why? 
3. c) Assume that, on average, each of the 60 women who were diagnosed with cervical carcinoma was followed up half-way through during the five-year period. What is the incidence rate of cervical cancer in these women during the five years? 

Task: 3 A researcher and colleagues reported results from a study of cataracts. All persons born before 1943 and residing in the Blue Mountains region near Sydney, Australia, were invited to make a single visit to a study clinic to undergo a detailed eye examination. Over a two-year period, 3654people did so. Lens photographs were used to detect and classify cataracts. During each person’s visit to the study clinic, he/she was also asked about current use of inhaled corticosteroids, often used to treat asthma. Subcapsular cataracts proved to be 2.6 times more common among current users of these drugs than among non-users

1. What is the exposure factor?
2. What is the outcome? 
3. How would you classify the study design?
4. What limitation does this type of study design have for inferring whether use of inhaled corticosteroids causes cataracts? 

Task: 4 Download “WHO Statistical Profiles” for 3 selected countries: Australia, India and Zimbabwe from WHO’s databank (in “Country Statistics”: http://www.who.int/gho/countries/en/  and complete the following table (2 marks). Compare the population health data among the three selected countries and summarise their public health implications briefly (word limit: 250) (4 marks).The WHO has changed some structures of statistical links, so please use the following links for your mining your data:

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