A Critical Literature Review on Entrepreneurial Governance

1. Permitted AI Use

Use of generative artificial intelligence (AI) tools to brainstorm ideas, summarise reading material, or edit your submission is permitted. The content of your final submission must be your original work. Be aware that the output from generative AI tools may be incorrect, incomplete, or biased. Working with another person or technology to gain an unfair advantage in assessment or improperly obtaining answers from a third party, including generative AI, may lead to sanctions under the Student Misconduct Rule. Use of generative AI tools may be detected.

2. Generative AI Usage Declaration

Did you use any generative AI tools for this assignment? Y

3. Tools Used and Purpose

Tools Used: ChatGPT, Grammarly
Purpose:

• ChatGPT: Assisted in brainstorming ideas and summarising literature.

• Grammarly: Assisted in editing content for grammar, clarity, and readability.

4. Modifications to AI Output

Did you make any changes to the AI-generated content? Y

How did you address AI limitations such as bias?
AI tools are trained on large datasets that may embed cultural, social, or geographical biases. I critically assessed whether the AI-generated response reflected assumptions that might not align with the assignment context and made adjustments as needed.

5. Reflection on Assignment

Have you reflected on the following questions before submission? 

• Content and Understanding: Have I met the learning objectives and demonstrated a deep understanding of the topic?

• Structure and Clarity: Is my assignment well-organised, clear, and properly formatted?

• Critical Use of Generative AI: Have I used AI tools responsibly, ensuring learning outcomes are met and knowledge demonstrated?

• Self-Assessment: Have I checked my work against the rubric and incorporated any feedback?

• Academic Integrity: Have I run a Turnitin check and properly cited all sources?

• Final Review: Have I proofread my assignment and kept a copy of the original work?

6. Evidence of Work

Have you kept drafts as evidence of your work? N

• Drafts prior to AI use

• Prompts/questions given to generative AI tools

7. Appropriate and Critical Use of Generative AI

Have you followed University guidelines and subject advice regarding AI use? Y

• Acknowledged AI-generated content following instructions.

• Reviewed Study Smart Generative AI Guide.

• Understand that Turnitin can detect AI usage and paraphrasing.

8. Declaration

Do you declare that the information provided in this reflection is accurate and complete? Y

Literature Review: The ‘City as a Business

Introduction

The concept of the ‘City as a Business’, often framed through entrepreneurial governance, marks a fundamental shift in urban management. It emphasises growth, competitiveness, and the strategic branding of cities as entrepreneurial actors in global networks. This literature review critically synthesises ten key articles to examine the main elements, visions, and narrative framings that underpin this governance approach.

Entrepreneurial Governance

Entrepreneurial governance repositions the city as an active market player.

• London Example: Syrett and Baldock (2003) highlight the London Development Agency’s focus on economic development and partnership-building to gain competitive advantage.

• Flagship Projects: Raco (2014) shows how London’s Olympic redevelopment strategically attracts investment, representing state-led entrepreneurship within regulatory capitalism.

• Insight: Large-scale, high-visibility initiatives are leveraged to create a pro-business urban image.

City Branding and Narrative Framing

• City Branding: Bonakdar and Audirac (2020) argue that visions of city futures are increasingly shaped by branding strategies to attract mobile capital and talent.

• Place Branding & Policy: Cleave et al. (2017) demonstrate how narrative framing legitimises policy mobility but raises questions about sustainability.

• Critical Perspective: Vanolo (2008) warns that branding may prioritise image over substance, potentially eroding authentic urban identities.

Spatial Imaginaries and Strategic Planning

• Strategic Plans in Sydney: Baker and Ruming (2015) show that global city narratives and worlding discourses align stakeholders with entrepreneurial growth logics.

• Metropolitan Growth: Pham (2020) emphasises spatial imaginaries’ role in steering bold interventions under the banner of competitiveness.

• Digital and Smart Cities: Barns (2016) and McGuirk et al. (2021) explore data-driven governance and smart city initiatives, highlighting technological and networked strategies for economic growth.

Critical Perspectives and Limitations

• Democratic Deficit: Greiss and Piracha (2021) note that entrepreneurial governance often limits participatory engagement, favouring elite consensus.

• Elite Networks: Gibson, Legacy, and Rogers (2023) describe hybrid public–private arrangements that challenge traditional accountability and equity.

Synthesis

The ‘City as a Business’ paradigm promotes:

• Entrepreneurialism

• Branding

• Visionary planning

While these approaches create economic dynamism, they may also:

• Reinforce inequities

• Privilege image over substance

Understanding these dynamics is crucial for balancing competitive vitality with urban justice.

Conclusion

Entrepreneurial governance reshapes urban management, integrating branding, narrative framing, and technological innovation into city strategies. Critical evaluation of these modalities demonstrates the dual potential of enhancing economic performance while raising equity and democratic concerns. Nurses, urban managers, and policymakers must consider these trade-offs to implement governance strategies that are both efficient and socially inclusive.

Assessment Requirements

The Generative AI Assignment Critical Reflection and associated Literature Review required students to:

• Reflect on their use of AI tools during the assignment, declaring what was used, how it was applied, and how outputs were critically assessed.

• Demonstrate original academic work while responsibly integrating AI for idea generation, summarisation, or editing.

• Complete a literature review on a chosen topic (here: ‘City as a Business’ and Entrepreneurial Governance), critically synthesising key sources.

• Present a structured, coherent argument, including:

  • Introduction and context of the topic

  • Critical review of governance concepts, city branding, and narrative framings

  • Analysis of spatial imaginaries, smart city initiatives, and planning strategies

  • Critical perspectives and limitations, highlighting democratic and equity concerns

  • Synthesis and conclusion connecting findings to practice and policy.

• Ensure academic integrity through proper referencing, Turnitin checks, and AI use transparency.

• Show evidence of reflection on learning objectives, content understanding, structure, clarity, and critical engagement.

Assessment Approach

Step 1: Understanding the Requirements

• The mentor explained the purpose of the assignment, emphasizing both the reflective AI component and the critical literature review.

• Students were guided to clarify learning objectives, including critical thinking, research synthesis, and responsible AI use.

Step 2: Generative AI Usage

• AI tools permitted: ChatGPT for idea generation and summarisation; Grammarly for editing.

• Mentor guidance: Ensure AI outputs are critically assessed, biases identified, and modifications made to align with the assignment context.

Step 3: Literature Review Development

• Introduction: Mentor advised contextualising the ‘City as a Business’ concept and framing its relevance to urban governance.

• Critical Review Sections:

  • Entrepreneurial governance and market positioning of cities

  • City branding, narrative framing, and policy implications

  • Spatial imaginaries, smart cities, and strategic planning

  • Limitations and critical perspectives (democracy, equity, elite networks)

• Learning Objective: Develop the ability to synthesise multiple sources, identify gaps, and evaluate urban management strategies critically.

Step 4: Structuring and Writing

• Mentor guided the student to use clear headings, logical flow, and paragraph organisation for readability.

• Synthesis: Combining insights from multiple studies into a coherent narrative while highlighting tensions and contradictions in the literature.

Step 5: Reflection and AI Critical Evaluation

• Students reflected on:

  • How AI tools influenced brainstorming, summarisation, and editing

  • Adjustments made to ensure accuracy and mitigate bias

  • Alignment with learning outcomes and demonstration of knowledge

• Learning Objective: Responsible and critical use of AI in academic work.

Step 6: Review and Submission

• Mentor ensured:

  • Turnitin checks for plagiarism

  • Proper referencing and citation

  • Final proofreading for clarity, coherence, and academic tone

Outcome Achieved

• Assignment Outcome:

  • A well-structured literature review critically evaluating ‘City as a Business’ and entrepreneurial governance.

  • Reflective AI declaration demonstrating responsible and ethical AI use.

• Learning Objectives Covered:

  • Advanced critical thinking and synthesis of academic literature

  • Evidence-based evaluation of urban governance strategies

  • Responsible and transparent use of generative AI tools

  • Academic writing, referencing, and integrity skills

  • Self-reflection on learning, content understanding, and assignment structure

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