Highlights
Referencing
Citations and Bibliographies using the Harvard Style (AGPS version)
ACU Faculty of Business requires that any work a student submits for assessment should be researched and prepared entirely by the student. Where one’s work incorporates material from other authors, a clear and unambiguous reference should be made to these authors. Referencing is a standardised method of acknowledging sources of information and ideas that you have used in your work or assignment in a way that uniquely identifies their source (Harvard Referencing 2007). Apart from acknowledging the work of other writers, researchers and artists, and others, and to avoid plagiarism, formal referencing enhances the material submitted and assists the reader in a number of ways. It:
Shows the breadth of your research
Strengthens an academic argument
Provides details of the sources used for information
Allows the reader to consult sources independently
Enables data and interpretations to be verified
With regard to the way references are presented, many styles have been developed and further customised by institutions, publishers, government authorities and industry bodies. The Faculty of Business requires students to use the Harvard Style (AGPS version) as the standard referencing style when preparing assignments and other written work.
Definitions
Citing: Formally recognising, within your text, the resource from which you have obtained information.
Citation: The passage or words quoted within your text, supported with evidence of your source.
Bibliography / References: The list of sources you have used. The title Bibliography is used when additional information (not cited in the text) is provided to further describe resources used that assisted in preparing your work.
Reference: The detailed description of the item from which you have obtained your information.
The Harvard System
The Harvard Author Date Referencing System was developed in the USA in the 1950s, and is now the most common referencing system used by Business Schools internationally (Quote, unquote 2004). The Australian Government Publishing Service (AGPS) version of the Harvard Style is based on the original Harvard author-date system for books, articles and “non-books”.
The main advantages of the Harvard System for both author and reader are: Flexibility
Simplicity
Clarity
Ease of use
Sources are cited in the body of the text simply as author and year of publication (see table below for examples). A Reference or Bibliography section at the end of the document lists all details of each source to enable the publication to be easily located. There is no third place to look such as footnotes and chapter references, which are features of other systems (Quote, unquote 2004).
What is referenced and when?
A reference must be provided when you quote, paraphrase or summarise another person’s work. The type of publication from which a source is likely to be derived includes (Damarell 2006):
Books or chapters or pages within a book
Journal, magazine or newspaper articles
Conference papers or proceedings
Video, television or radio excerpts
Personal communications such as interviews, emails or letters (cited only)
Electronic sources such as web pages, journal articles from online databases, recorded programmes or even software
The table below is based on the author date system (Harvard) presented in Snooks et al. 2002, and incorporates information from Quote, unquote (2004) and Harvard Referencing (2007). It illustrates and explains how to recognise the work of others from specific sources using the Harvard System.
The first column describes the source of information; the second column demonstrates how to cite the source in the body of the text and this is explained in the third column. The fourth column shows how the reference should appear in the bibliography and an explanation of the example is explained in column five.
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