Analysing the Role of Local Economic Development in Poverty Alleviation - Management Assignment Help

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Chapter 1
1.1 Project title
Analysing the Role of Local Economic Development in Poverty Alleviation.
1.2. Brief motivation/Background
Local Economic Development (LED) is concerned with an approach towards economic development. Thus, allowing and encouraging local people to work together to achieve sustainable economic growth and development. Premised on the preceding assertion Meyer (2014) provides insight on the importance of local economic development stating that effective local development can reduce disparities between poor and rich places, add to the stock of locally generated jobs and firms, increase overall private sector investment, improve the information flows with investors and developers, and increase the coherence and confidence of potential therefore creating need to empirically analyse how local economic development is, impacting on the process of poverty alleviation in municipalities especially the eThekwini municipality and its surrounding areas.
1.3 Objectives
The objectives of this study are:
To analyse how local economic development activities are contributing to poverty alleviation.
To examine the factors that hinder or facilitate the achievement of outcomes intended by local economic development activities.
To offer recommendation on the effective implementation local economic development activities
1.4 Questions to be Asked
What are local economic development activities?
What relationship exists between LED (local economic development) and poverty alleviation?
What factors that hinder or facilitate the achievement of outcomes intended by local economic development activities?
What recommendation would be effective on implementation of local economic development activities?
1.5 Organization of the research report
Chapter 1 provides an introduction to the study, the research problem, objectives of the study, critical questions guiding the study, motivation for the study, relevant definitions, limitations and delimitations of the study and structure of study. Chapter 2 reviews literature relevant to the study. Chapter 3 sets out the methodology used in carrying out the study, including methods used to collect data and methods used to analyze data. Findings are presented in Chapter 4. Chapter 5 provides a summary of main findings, discussion and conclusions.
1.6 Summary
This introductory chapter provided a background to the study and a statement of the research problem, objectives of the study and its critical questions generated to address the objectives, motivation for the study, definitions of terms that are relevant to the study, limitations and delimitations of the study, and the organization of the research report. The next chapter will review literature that is relevant to the study.
Chapter 2
Literature Review
2.1. IntroductionThe review of literature provides the researcher with the understanding of the knowledge background of the research. The past literatures are studied here for the development of the knowledge base that is essential for this research. The themes discussed in the literature review enables the researcher in creation of the background knowledge that is necessary to complete the research. The themes given here focus on the concept of local economic development (LED) and allows in understanding the concept in detailed manner.
2.2. Theme 1: Local economic development activities and its impact in alleviation of poverty
According to Abrahams, (2018) the term local economic development is referred to the process using which the business, public and the other governmental as well as non-governmental sectors work in collaborative manner. As per opinion of Garidzirai, Meyer and Muzindutsi, (2019) the collaboration allows for better economic condition through growth and development of the entire economy and also leads to more employment generation. Nel, (2019) here provides insight by opinion that local economic development is necessary for potential reduction of the differences or the inequalities between the poor and the rich people in the locality. As per the opinion of Abrahams, (2018) the local economic development is also instrumental in adding to the stock of the firms in the local scenario and increase the amount of job creation. Garidzirai, Meyer and Muzindutsi, (2019) is of the opinion here that poverty and underdevelopment are terms that are highly related to developing countries such as South Africa, where the level f development is not optimal and there lies huge scope for future development. As per the opinion of Abrahams, (2018) the country South Africa is a dual economy that has both developed and underdeveloped parts. Some of the portions are developed but there is large part of the country that is underdeveloped. According to Nel, (2019) the lack of suitable economic development has lead to high level of inequality within the country along with low level of education and lack of skilled labors in the economy. Further Garidzirai, Meyer and Muzindutsi, (2019) is of the opinion that alleviation of poverty is the ability that human beings that provides them with the chance to mitigate the poverty. The poverty alleviation relies to the fact that development of the economy will lead to mitigation of the poverty and income inequality in the economy. As per opined by Nel, (2019) the reduction in the poverty implies that there will greater scope of job creation in the economy. Abrahams, (2018) is of the opinion that the main purpose of the local economic development is to potentially build capacities to improve the economic condition and the quality of the life that the inhabitants of the locality or the particular area. On the contrary, Garidzirai, Meyer and Muzindutsi, (2019) is of the opinion that local economic development is also instrumental in making significant contribution to the overall national economic growth and development. Abrahams, (2018) is of the opinion that the local development has become critical with the increase in global competition along with the population mobility and the technological advances. As per the opinion of Garidzirai, Meyer and Muzindutsi, (2019) when the local economic development is effective, it has the ability to reduce the disparities between the rich and the poor population. According to the opinion of Nel, (2019) the growth and local economic development also improves the inflow of information to the investors and the developers that increases the confidence with local strategy adapted to grow potentially. As per opined by Abrahams, (2018) local economic development cannot be considered to be a single activity or program that can reduce poverty. It is a continued process that responds to the low growth of the economy and allows for the reduction of the high level of unemployment.
2.3. Theme 2: Evaluation of the importance of local economic development in South African context and contribution to alleviation of povertyAccording to opinion of Lawrence and Rogerson, (2018) the local economic development is considered to be vital in South African context as it is a developing country and there is present many areas where the development is not done in successful manner. As per opinion of Khambule, (2018) the importance of the local economic development lies in the sense that local economic growth allows for the creation of more job opportunities for the local people and this enhances the employment opportunities. As per opined by Ezeuduji, Mdiniso and Nzama, (2017) the increase in the employment opportunities is instrumental to reduce the number of people unemployed and this enables in the increase in income level of the people. According to Lawrence and Rogerson, (2018) growth of the of the overall economic activities and the opportunities of employment allows the people to be able to pay of the services and increase the revenue base of the municipality of the local area where the economic development is taking place. Further, Khambule, (2018) is of the opinion that local economic growth enhances the developed of the skilled human resources and also builds new institutions that is necessary for sustainable development. As per the opinion of Ezeuduji, Mdiniso and Nzama, (2017) the link between the developed and the underdeveloped areas is also drawn through the initiatives of local development.

Figure 1: Local economic development model
(Source: Garidzirai, Meyer and Muzindutsi, 2019)
As per the opinion of Khambule, (2018) there are different aspects of the local economic development that is considered for alleviation of the poverty in the area where the development if taking place. Venter et al., (2019) is of the opinion that local development takes place in a particular defined territory that has been focused for the growth. Lawrence and Rogerson, (2018) states that in place where the local development is taking place the local population are decision makers of the local issues and focus on persuasion of the activities that leads to local economic stimulation. According to Venter et al., (2019) the local economic development (LED) is mainly intended to empower marginalized, vulnerable and the poor section of the local community. This empowering the poor and the vulnerable section of people in the future allows for the ability to raise suitable income so that the basic needs of the people can be meeting in potential manner. According to opinion of Venter et al., (2019) the concept of local economic development cannot be segregated from the projects related to the alleviation of poverty. The projects are inclusive in nature and results in increasing the participation of the people in the progress activities. Lawrence and Rogerson, (2018) is of the opinion here that LED initiates the development of small and medium manufacturing units or enterprises within the economy. This in the future leads to the increase in the possibility of job creation and the generation of other business opportunities that are related to the small or medium enterprises (Ezeuduji, Mdiniso and Nzama, 2017). As per opinion of Lawrence and Rogerson, (2018) the local economic development has also provided capital to the South Africans to grow the business that are already present and also creation of new startups. Further, Venter et al., (2019) is of the opinion that local economic development supports different areas such as the revue and the development of the strategies and the national policies that guides the development. This also provides direct support to the local government and enables it to reduce the differences in the income level among the rich and the por. As per the opinion of Garidzirai, Meyer and Muzindutsi, (2019) the creation of jobs, rise in the level of productivity, increase in skill and training opportunities are integral parts of the economic development. As per the opinion of Ezeuduji, Mdiniso and Nzama, (2017) in South African localities the rise in the skill of the workers along with increasing their opportunities of education allows them to earn better income and this improves the overall standard of living of the economy.
As per the opinion of Lawrence and Rogerson, (2018) economic development is considered to be a critical component that enables in driving the overall growth of the economy. The development of business and the retention of the job allows for raising the quality of living of the people of in the economy (Venter et al., 2019). The aspects that enables in alleviations of the poverty are as follows:
Job creation and rise in level of employment
Lawrence and Rogerson, (2018) opines that local economic development related activities provides assistance for the creation of new job opportunities in the economy. The development related activities enables in initiating new communications that allows the companies to improve the resources and expand the business (Venter et al., 2019). The economic development also allows for the creation of startups that in the future gives rise to further employment scope.
Business retention and expansion
According to Ezeuduji, Mdiniso and Nzama, (2017) the development activities allows for the economic growth and also leads to retention of the business. When the business in the local community are expanded and retained it recues the unemployment of the particular locality or area and hence allows the people to enjoy better working options.
Diversification of industry
Venter et al., (2019) is of the opinion that a significant part of the overall economic activities strives towards the diversification of the entire economy and also reduces the vulnerability of particular region. When the diversity is included within the economy this leads to future growth of the overall business opportunities in the economy and thus allows for the overall reduction in the inequality or lack of employment opportunity in the area.
Improvement in quality of life
According to opinion of Lawrence and Rogerson, (2018) the better economic infrastructure and creation of jobs results in improving the overall economy of the region and thus raises the living standard of the people in the area. The improvement in the quality of life is considered to be an indicator of the standard of living of the people. As per opined by Ezeuduji, Mdiniso and Nzama, (2017) if the living standard of the people are enhanced it implies that the growth of the economic opportunities, income level increase and reduction in the rate of unemployment of the people.
2.4. Theme 3: The evaluation of strategies for local economic development to mitigate poverty in South AfricaAccording to Ezeuduji, Mdiniso and Nzama, (2017) the main objective of the local economic development is the creation of participatory environment that is instrumental in strengthening the capacities of the local people and implementation of the social inclusiveness. The strategy for local economic development is through the efforts of the local government or the authorities to connect with the informal; economy and initiate activities of social as well as economic development. As per the opinion of Venter et al., (2019) the social economic development strategy involves the integration of the development plan of the country to the local municipality LED policies. Ezeuduji, Mdiniso and Nzama, (2017) is of the opinion here that there are four main approaches that leads to local economic development and the approaches are the public private relationship, small business approach, regional approach and the sector cultural approach.

Figure 2: Strategies for local economic development
(Source: Venter et al., 2019)
According to Lawrence and Rogerson, (2018) the public private relationship approach refers mainly to the cooperation that is essential between the different public and private development sectors. It is crucial to have good coordination between the private and the public sectors for achievement of sustainable development. As per the opinion of Garidzirai, Meyer and Muzindutsi, (2019) small business approach is essential for the innovation and the increase in the private investment and also creation of new job opportunities. Abrahams, (2018) is further of the opinion that regional approach towards the local economic development in South Africa allows for leveraging of the scarce resources of the areas which is surrounding the particular areas, where development is necessary. Ezeuduji, Mdiniso and Nzama, (2017) opines here that there is another approach that is necessary for local economic development is the sector cluster approach. This approach supports the economic development through collaboration of the business organizations, educational institutions along with the various private as well as public entities. Further Abrahams, (2018) is of the opinion here that within the strategies or approaches of local development, are the specific methods that are essential for the growth and development. As per Garidzirai, Meyer and Muzindutsi, (2019), LED is considered to be one of the vital mechanisms that leads to the employment promotion through development of micro as well as small enterprises. Lawrence and Rogerson, (2018) is also of the opinion here that the center of this approach is the creation of public and private partnership that has the potential to bring the shareholders together in the local economy.
As per the opinion of Garidzirai, Meyer and Muzindutsi, (2019) there is a five step approach to strategic planning for the local economic development. The first step is the creation of suitable vision for the local economic development that allows for the reviewing of all the relevant information and identification of the data that is required for updating the plan for development. As per opined by Lawrence and Rogerson, (2018) the second step towards local economic development is the development of the goals and the objectives of the economic development that is required to be undertaken. The third step is the identification of the project and the programs that will facilitate in the alleviation of poverty. As per Abrahams, (2018) the fourth step towards LED is the prioritizing all the actions and projects with respect to their priority and the final step is the documentation of the entire strategy for better fulfillment of the development needs. On the contrary, Lawrence and Rogerson, (2018) is of the opinion here that poverty alleviation is not a concept that is only limited to economic issues and also related to the socio-economic aspects of growth of the economy. According to Ezeuduji, Mdiniso and Nzama, (2017) the local economic development also implies improvement of the skill development capacity of the people of the particular local are that in turn increases the overall productivity of the workers. When the productivity of the workers is enhanced it allows for the increase in the income level of the people. As per opinion of Lawrence and Rogerson, (2018) the rise in the overall income level improves the living standard of the people. According to opinion of Ezeuduji, Mdiniso and Nzama, (2017) the economic growth in the local areas of South Africa allows for the overall growth and development of those areas. In South African context, the local economic development (LED) is considered as a concept that is necessary for the reduction of the overall poverty level (Lawrence and Rogerson, 2018). Through creation of job opportunities, business retention of the local firms and the initiation of several poverty alleviation projects, the economic condition of the local areas can be improved. As per the opinion of Mazibuko, (2020) South African people faces the unemployment and the poverty as the main challenges and thus the local economic development strategies must be focused towards creation of job and the alleviation of the poverty in the economy. Rogerson, (2018) is of the opinion that reduction of poverty is a continuous process and not a single time step or project that can be undertaken to completely mitigate the overall poverty level of the economy.
2.5. Conceptual frameworkThe conceptual framework of this research enables in providing the link with the different approach that has been applied here to the analysis of the research objectives. The literature has connection with the evaluation of the impact that local economic development has on the reduction if the overall poverty.

Figure 3: Conceptual framework
(Source: Self created)
2.6. Literature gapThe gap in this literature is the area where the literature has not been able to provide sufficient insight based on the research topic. The literature here gives focus mainly on the impact of local economic development on the alleviation of the level of poverty in South African context. The literature gap here is in the area that it does not give emphasis on the social aspects that is necessary for reduction of poverty.
Chapter 33.0. Research methodology3.1. Introduction
Research methodology is the steps that have been followed in the completion of the research work ((Ngozwana, 2018)). Without collection of relevant sources of data or information the successful execution of research is not feasible. The research onion has been used for this research to determine the step by step process of collection of data (Snyder, 2019). In the writing of research proposal the methodology is essential to explain where the data analyzed in the research are actually obtained from and allows the others to better in the understanding the sources of gathering of necessary information.

Figure 4: The research onion
(Source: Ngozwana, 2018)
3.2. Research philosophyThe philosophy is the beliefs that enables in the development of the assumptions of the research and its knowledge (Mohajan, 2018). There are our different research philosophies namely realism, positivism, pragmatism and interpretivism.
Justification
The applied research philosophy here is positivism. The positivism philosophy is considered to be appropriate for this research as it only adheres to the facts that have been gained through the observation of the research variables (Zangirolami-Raimundo, Echeimberg and Leone, 2019). The effect of the local economic development can be well analyzed through the collection of facts that evident the impact that economic development has in mitigation of poverty (Mohajan, 2018). Further the positivism is used here as it prefers to provide brief and concise discussion and does not make use of any descriptive subjective interpretation (Ngozwana, 2018). The positivism also focuses on separation of the observer to other things of the research and aims to gain value free research objectives (D?wigo? and D?wigo?-Barosz, 2018). It also enables in emphasizing on the relation between the research variable and establish casual relationships between the variables.
3.3. Research approachThe approaches of research are the referred to the plans and also the procedures that mainly consist of all the steps ranging from collection of data, analysis and the interpretation of the research outcomes (D?wigo? and D?wigo?-Barosz, 2018). The main two approaches are the inductive and the deductive approach that are used in research.
Justification
The approach that has been taken into account for the research is the deductive approach. The deductive is considered most suitable in this case as the research is not developing any new concepts or even theories here (Mohajan, 2018). The deductive approach enables in easy and fast completion of the research work. The other approach is not selected because it implies derivation of new theory and using secondary research method for derivation of new theory is a contradictory concept (Ngozwana, 2018). Thus the deductive is the most suitable here and hence is approach is chosen for the research.
3.4. Research designThe design is mainly considered to be the entire framework of the research and the methods that has been used for derivation of suitable data for the completion of the research work (Mohajan, 2018). The design of research that is selected by the researcher gives the opportunity to utilize the methods that are expected to be suitable for the study here.
Justification
There are different designs of research of which the selected design here is descriptive design. The descriptive design provides the scope to describe the phenomenon of research that is focused in the research (D?wigo? and D?wigo?-Barosz, 2018). It further seeks to suitably describe the current situation that has been studied. This design allows the research project to provide here systematic information regarding the phenomenon of the research (Mohajan, 2018). In this design the researcher does not necessarily begin with the hypothesis and is likely to develop understanding of the research problem in descriptive manner.
3.5. Data collection methodThe method for gathering of required and necessary information for this research is secondary method of research (Mohajan, 2018). The secondary method has been selected here due to the feasibility of the collection. The primary data collection is not considered to be feasible in this pandemic situation and hence desktop research or the secondary research is chosen here for the study (D?wigo? and D?wigo?-Barosz, 2018). The secondary method is considered to be the most approach method here as it enables in completion of the research from the sources collected from internet (Zangirolami-Raimundo, Echeimberg and Leone, 2019). The advantage of using the secondary data is that it is cost effective and less time consuming at the same time (Ngozwana, 2018). This is because the secondary research here uses the literature sources that are already available. Some of the sources of secondary resources are the information that is available on the internet, the public libraries, government and the non-government agencies.
3.6. Data analysis techniqueThe analysis is done here using the descriptive technique for data analysis (Ngozwana, 2018). The justification for the choice of the descriptive technique is that this technique enables the researcher to clearly describe the research along with providing summary of the information that is gathered in this research (Mohajan, 2018). Further the descriptive analysis technique allows for the interpretation of the data that has been collected previously in order to better understand the changes that have occurred with respect to the topic or phenomenon of the research (D?wigo? and D?wigo?-Barosz, 2018). The descriptive analysis also describes the use of suitable range of data and helps the researcher to draw comparison with respect to previous collected information. The other techniques such as co-relational or experimental technique are not used here because those types of techniques are mainly suitable for the primary research and not feasible when the research is done using secondary sources (Zangirolami-Raimundo, Echeimberg and Leone, 2019). The descriptive analysis helped the researcher to gather in depth understanding of the phenomenon of research and thus provide suitable interpretation of the result.
3.7. Ethics of researchThe ethics of this research defined as all the regulations and rules that have been followed by the researcher for this research (Ngozwana, 2018). The university mentions some ethical issues that need to be considered for the successful completion of the entire research work. The issues copy right is taken into consideration here while selecting the articles or journals (Zangirolami-Raimundo, Echeimberg and Leone, 2019). Further the confidentiality of the information in the articles or the journals has been maintained here and any data or content that is copyrighted is not used without prior suitable permission (Bairagi and Munot, 2019). The duplicity of the information is avoided here and other ethical issues that are present with the use of secondary information have been retained.
3.8. Summary
Thus it is summarized here that the research method is done here following the research onion that gives the details of the steps that are involved for the collection of data. The philosophy used here is positivism philosophy and the design that is selected here is the descriptive research design. The approach of the research here is the deductive approach of research and the method for potential collection of the data here is secondary method of information collection. Further the data analysis technique that has been used here for the analysis. The ethics that is required to be abided by the researcher in completion of the research has also been followed.

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