Anatomical and Functional Enhancements of The Insula Assignment

Assignment Task 

Introduction

Individuals who have lost the use of a sensory modality, such as sight or hearing, must utilize the remaining sensory modalities to a greater degree and develop other compensatory mechanisms to function in the world. Several studies now show that such compensation can be attended by morphological changes in the brain, with regions involved in the compensatory mechanisms showing hypertrophy. For example, deaf individuals who have learned sign language show hypertrophy in the left motor hand cortex. Similarly, deaf subjects show more gray matter (GM) in the left posterior insula, which was interpreted to be related to lip-reading and articulatory-based (rather than auditory-based) representations of speech for deaf individuals (Allen et al. 2008). In terms of white matter (WM) tracts, deaf people show increases in diffusion anisotropy in the forceps major of the corpus callosum, where interhemispheric connections between visual cortices exist.

Data Acquisition

Each participant was scanned on a Siemens Trio 3T MRI system with a standard 8-channel head coil. The anatomical MRI scan (duration 10 min) was acquired using a 3D-magnetization–prepared rapid acquisition by gradient echo T1-weighted sequence. The protocol had an inversion time of 900 ms, flip angle of 9°, echo time (TE) of 2.98 ms, and repetition time (TR) of 2300 ms. The images had an isotropic resolution of 1 mm and field of view of 256 mm.

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