Arts of Power - Statecraft and Diplomacy - Fundamental Principles of the Art - Management Assessment Answer

Management Assessment Answer

The aim of this review is to explore the significance of ambassador Chas Freeman's work Arts of Power Statecraft and Diplomacy, and to evaluate his contribution to the current literature expounding the fundamentals of diplomacy. This review evaluates Arts of Power in terms of how Freeman achieves his goal of highlighting the basic principles of diplomacy the strengths and weaknesses of the text and what this means for future research and knowledge about the skill of diplomacy. In seeking to understand the extent Freeman has contributed to international relations academia we may also illustrate the gaps in the literature and ·what constitutes best practice in the field of diplomacy.

In writing Arts of Power, 'distinguished diplomat Chas Freeman describes the fundamental principles of the art of statecraft and the craft of diplomacy' (The United States Institute of Peace 2018). Freeman's intended audience are 'practitioners of diplomacy and readers who want a sense of what it is like to represent the interests of a major power in today's world' (Freeman 1997, p. vi) or, simply, people who want to learn more about the practice of diplomacy. Indeed Arts of Power is written as a companion to his other book, The Diplomat's

Dictionary, which describes and explains the terminology used in diplomatic circles (ibid). In that regard, Freeman is articulating the norms of diplomatic behavior. By writing about these norms from a realist perspective, Freeman, as an expert in the field, is also implicitly asserting that the dominant ideology influencing diplomatic practice is realist in nature. This includes assuming ' that the structure of international politics is defined by the distribution of power and thus a highly asocial environment , and observes a series of discrete , exchange relations among atomistic actors (Adler & Barnett 1998, p. 10), and ' that while war does not take place all the

time it is always expected ' (ibid.) Thus, there are two main goals Freeman had in writing Arts

of Power: to explicitly outline the basic principles of diplomacy for students of international relations and diplomacy and to implicitly articulate the norms of Western diplomatic behavior for students of international relations and diplomacy.

The goal of educating people about the basic principles and norms of statecraft and diplomacy is important for a number of reasons. Firstly, by stating the fundamentals of diplomacy and statecraft, it encapsulates and articulates the best practices to use in diplomacy. It also outlines the standard for how diplomats should, and do behave. Secondly, Freeman's goal shows that knowing about diplomacy and statecraft is a worthy pursuit despite the fact that there are many aspects to diplomacy and trade that are far from transparent.

613). Freeman explicitly gives a "recipe for success" in Arts of Power: if everyone performs in a realist manner this gives a degree of predictability to diplomat's and state's behavior throughout international negotiations. He explicitly highlights that the core of any state's actions, on a base level, will be motivated by its supreme national interest ' of securing its survival (Freeman 1997,

p. 10). While a state has many more interests and concerns, irrespective of cultural, political and economic standing, all states are motivated by ensuring survival. Knowing this gives students, and diplomats, the ability to anticipate both ally and enemy state behavior. Freeman's goal in educating people about diplomacy and statecraft is important precisely because Arts of Power is teaching the norms of the industry, and in doing so, sustains them.

Freeman uses a number of techniques in writing Arts of Power to teach the reader about statecraft and diplomacy practice. Primarily, Freeman does not pair his descriptions of diplomatic practice with examples. This shows an assumption that what is being written is so m1iversal that is can be applied in any situation. For example, Freeman (I 997) writes that ' as reporters, diplomats must personify (1) acuity of observation and accuracy of memory; (2) discretion; (3) graceful adaptability to life in alien cultures. However, we are not given specifics, such as what constitutes an alien culture. An Australian diplomat serving in the United Kingdom is going to have a significantly different experience to a diplomat adjusting to life in China, due to historical, linguistic and cultural factors. Despite this lack of specificity, we can still see that Freeman's general statement about ' alien culture is applicable to both of these situations. The author's use of passive voice, overusing personal pronouns such as "I" highlights a degree of distance from what is being written. Arts of Power instead refers to ' states ' and their ' opponents' (Freeman 1997, p. 15). This implies that irrespective of culture or socialization, all states, and their diplomats follow the same set of norms in diplomacy. Freeman additionally uses simple language and structure to reinforce the fundamental nature of the information he is communicating to his readers. Three sections, ' The Power of the State', ' Diplomatic Manoeuvre ', and The Skills of the Diplomat' (Freeman 1997), organize the topics Freeman addresses, which are integral to the function of a diplomat. 'The Power of the State' asserts that a diplomat's role is to navigate power dynamics between states for the benefit of the state they represent. 'Diplomatic Manoeuvre ' illustrates the actions a diplomat may take in their position, and the Skills of the Diplomat' outlines the tools a diplomat may use. Arts of Power, as a whole, addresses the tools and skills diplomats need in order to exert hard and soft power, on behalf of the state they represent. In writing a text as universally applicable, and accessible, for diplomats and students such as Arts of Power, Freeman has added to the repertoire of tools that his readers may refer to during their career in diplomacy.

• What is the goal of the author?
• Is the goal important?
• How does the author seek to achieve the goal?
• How is the author’s success/failure to achieve the goal to be explained?
• What is your evaluation of the reading?
• One or two of your own questions that you think are pertinent to the issue (This last requirement is optional but you have experienced what can be done in class).

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