Attention Deficit-Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) & Behaviour Therapy - Nursing Assignment Help

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1) Carlson, C. L., Pelham, W.E., Milich, R. & Dixon, J. (1992).  Single and the combined effect of methylphenidate and behavior therapy on the classroom performance of children with attention- deficit hyperactivity disorder Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 20, 213-232.

 

Twenty-four boys with attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) participating in an intensive summer treatment program each received placebo and two doses of methylphenidate (MPH, 0.3 mg/kg and 0.6 mg/kg) crossed with two classroom settings: 1) a behavior modification classroom including a token economy system, time out and daily home report card, and 2) a “regular” classroom setting not using these procedures.

Dependent variables included classroom observations of on-task and disruptive behavior, academic work completion and accuracy, and daily self-ratings of performance. Both MPH and behavior modification alone significantly improved children's classroom behavior, but the only MPH improved children's academic productivity and accuracy. Singly, behavior therapy and 0.3 mg/kg MPH produced roughly equivalent improvements in classroom behavior. Further, the combination of behavior therapy and 0.3 mg/kg MPH resulted in maximal behavioral improvements, which were nearly identical to those obtained with 0.6 mg/kg MPH alone.

 

2) Christensen, L. & Redig, C. (1993).  Effect of meal composition on mood.     

 Behavioral Neuroscience, 107, 346-353.

 

The influence of simple carbohydrate, complex carbohydrate, protein, and delayed meal conditions on plasma tryptophan ratios and mood of normal subjects was investigated. In Experiment 1. 21 women consumed 1 of 4 meal conditions, had blood samples drawn, and completed mood assessment measures before and at 5 times during the next 3 hr.

Experiment 2 replicated Experiment 1 except that blood samples were not drawn and an additional simple carbohydrate condition was included. The carbohydrate meal conditions elevated blood glucose levels and plasma ratio of tryptophan to other large neutral amino acids over that of the protein condition. A decline in feelings of fatigue and distress occurred 30 min postprandial regardless of condition and persisted for the rest of the study.

 

3) Jacobs, L.F. (1992).  Memory for cache locations in Merriam’s kangaroo rats. Animal Behaviour, 43, 585-593.

 

The ability of Merriam's kangaroo rats, Dipodomys merriami, to remember the location of food caches and to relocate caches in the absence of the odor of buried seeds was examined. Eight wild-caught kangaroo rats cached seeds in an experimental arena, and retrieved them 24 h, later. Before retrieval, all odors associated with the cache sites were removed and seeds were replaced in only half of the cache sites. During retrieval, kangaroo rats were significantly more likely to search cache sites, with or without seeds, than non-cache sites.

Non-cache sites were primarily investigated after all cache sites had been searched, indicating that search of non-cache sites did not denote an error in cache retrieval. These results suggest that kangaroo rats can remember the locations of food caches and can relocate cache sites even when there is no odor of buried seeds. To estimate the advantage enjoyed by the forager with greater information, a second experiment compared an owner's success in retrieving its caches with the success of naive kangaroo rats searching for these same caches. Nine wild-caught kangaroo rats were allowed to search for caches that were distributed in the same spatial pattern as that created by one kangaroo rat from the first experiment.

The naive subjects found significantly fewer caches than had the cache owner in the same length of time. This suggests that the use of spatial memory by a Merriam's kangaroo rat to relocate its food caches gives it a competitive advantage over other kangaroo rats that may be searching for its caches.

 

4) Lickliter, R. (1990).  Premature visual experience facilitates visual responsiveness in bobwhite quail neonates. Infant Behaviour and    Development, 13, 487-496.

 

Exposing precocial avian neonates to premature (prenatal) visual experience appears to accelerate postnatal intersensory functioning.  For example, bobwhite quail chicks who receive patterned visual stimulation as embryos require auditory and visual cues to direct their filial behavior earlier in postnatal development than do normally raised chicks. The mechanism(s) for this alteration of the perceptual organization has, however, not been investigated. 

The present study examined whether accelerated postnatal intersensory functioning is the result of reduced species-specific auditory responsiveness and/or enhanced postnatal visual responsiveness.  Results revealed that bobwhite quail embryos exposed to unusually early visual stimulation do not show reduced auditory responsiveness in the period immediately following hatching but do exhibit an accelerated pattern of species-typical visual functioning. 

Specifically, chicks who experienced patterned light during the last 24 to 36 hours prior to hatching were able to use visual cues to direct their species-specific social preferences earlier in postnatal development than were control chicks.  This finding suggests that one result of unusually early visual stimulation is that subsequent behavior is organized to include the earlier-than-normal sensory information.

 

5)  Nakajima, S., & Potvin, J. (1992).  Neural and behavioral effects of domoic acid, an amnesic shellfish toxin, in the rat.

 

To examine the neurotoxic effects of domoic acid, an amnesic shellfish toxin, electroencephalographic and behavioral experiments were conducted on 38 rats. Injection of domoic acid (0.5-1.0 mg/kg intravenously, or 0.04-0.08 ug intraventricularly) caused seizure discharges in the hippocampus, tonic-clonic convulsions, and death within a few days. Convulsions and ensuing death were prevented by diazepam. Animals pretreated with diazepam (5 mg/kg, IP) tolerated intraventricular dose of domoic acid 0.4 ugs but showed a loss of pyramidal neurons mainly in the CA3, CA4, and a part of CA1 areas of the dorsal hippocampus.

Learning of a radial maze task was severely impaired in naive rats after intraventricular injection of domoic acid (and diazepam). In the animals previously trained on the maze task, domoic acid interfered with relearning of the same task. These effects appear similar to those of kainic acid and are analogous to the symptoms observed in humans who ingested mussels tainted with domoic acid.

 

6)  Rapkin, D. A., Straubing, M., &Holroyd, J.C. (1991).  Guided imagery, hypnosis, and recovery from head and neck cancer surgery: An exploratory study. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental  Hypnosis, 39, 215-226.

    

The value of a brief, preoperative hypnosis experience was explored with a sample of 36 head and neck cancer surgery patients. 15 patients volunteered for the experimental hypnosis intervention. 21 patients who received usual care (no hypnosis) were followed through their hospital charts and were used as a comparison group.

Hypnotic intervention and usual care groups were comparable in terms of relevant demographic variables. Postoperative hospitalizations for the hypnotic intervention group were significantly shorter than for the usual care group. Within the hypnotic intervention group, hypnotizability was negatively correlated with surgical complications and there was a trend toward a negative correlation between hypnotizability and blood loss during surgery.

Findings suggest that imagery-hypnosis may be prophylactic, benefitting patients by reducing the probability of postoperative complications and thereby keeping hospital stay within the expected range. Recommendations are presented for a controlled, randomized, clinical trial with a sufficiently large sample to provide the opportunity for statistical analysis with appropriate power.

 

7) Schweizer, E., Patterson, W., Rickels, K. & Rosenthal, M. (1993). A double-blind, placebo-controlled study of a once-a-day, sustained

   

Objective: The goals of this study were to assess the antipanic efficacy of a new, sustained-release formulation of alprazolam and to assess the safety and tolerability of once-a-day administration of 1-10 mg of sustained-release alprazolam. Method: One hundred ninety-four patients with a diagnosis of agoraphobia with panic attacks or panic disorder with limited phobic avoidance underwent a 1 -week placebo washout before being randomly assigned to groups receiving 8 weeks of double-blind treatment with either sustained-release alprazolam or placebo. Results: There was a significant treatment effect favoring sustained-release alprazolam (highest mean dose=4.7 mg/day) across almost all measures of anxiety, panic, and phobic avoidance, despite a significantly higher dropout rate in patients receiving placebo.

Eighty-five percent of the patients treated with sustained-release alprazolam, compared with 61 % of the patients given a placebo, reported complete blockade of panic attacks by the end of 6 weeks of treatment. Sedation was the most commonly reported adverse effect. Discontinuation of sustained-release alprazolam was associated with moderate but transient levels of distress in 48% of the patients; discontinuation of placebo led to distress in only 1 0% of the patients.

Nonetheless, there was no difference in the proportion of patients who were able to remain off the study drug for at least 2 weeks. Conclusions: These results suggest that sustained-release alprazolam is highly effective in the acute treatment of panic disorder at doses comparable to those in the originally marketed compressed tablet of alprazolam. The medication was well tolerated but showed rebound effects during a rapid drug taper after 6 weeks of treatment.

 

8) Stokes, A. F., Belger, A., Banich, M. T., & Taylor, H. (1991).  Effects of acute aspartame and acute alcohol ingestion upon the cognitive performance of pilots.  Aviation, Space and Environmental Medicine, 62, 648-653.

 

Tested 13 pilots in a double-blind design using a cognitive test battery relating to perceptual-motor abilities, spatial abilities, working memory, attentional performance, risk-taking, processing flexibility, and planning or sequencing ability. Ss were tested over 5 sessions consisting of pretest and posttest controls and 3 randomly ordered treatment sessions, in which Ss received aspartame, placebo, and ethyl alcohol (as the positive control).

No detectable performance decrements were associated with the aspartame condition, but decrements in psychomotor and spatial abilities were detected in the ethanol condition. Results do not support the concerns expressed in anecdotal evidence regarding the deleterious effects of aspartame upon cognitive performance.

 

9)  Wood, T. B. & Lewis, S. N. (1987).  The influence of alcohol and loud music on analytic and holistic processing. 

 

Studied the effects of alcohol consumption and loud music on analytic and holistic information processing in 52 male undergraduates.  A restricted classification task, an embedded figures task, and a concept learning task with the choice of analytic single attribute learning or a holistic approach were begun at blood alcohol levels of about 0.048% and completed at a mean of 0.84%. 

Music as a distractor was present in some conditions.  Loud music reduced the analytic response in subjects consuming alcohol, but loud music increased it in subjects drinking a placebo.  Alcohol decreased speed and embedded figure response.  Although it slowed concept learning, alcohol did not decrease analytic responding.  Results indicate that alcohol slows the rate of information processing. 

 

10)  Blonstein, R., & Geiselman, R. E. (1990).  Effects of witnessing conditions and expert witness testimony on credibility of an eyewitness.  American Journal of Forensic Psychology, 8, 11-19.

 

Examined the influence of good vs poor witnessing conditions (WCs) and supportive vs unsupportive expert testimony (ET) on opinions of eyewitness credibility (EC). 100 undergraduate Ss read a case description containing various combinations of eyewitness testimony, WCs, and ET and rated the EC in each. Ss believed eyewitnesses significantly more under good WCs than poor WCs and also believed eyewitnesses significantly more with support than with unsupportive ET. An interaction was found between the type of ET and the change in credibility scores made by Ss, indicating an increase in credibility with supportive ET, and a decrease in credibility with unsupportive ET

 

 

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