Bio240 : Homologous and Homoplastic Analogous Features - Biology Assignment Help

Assignment Task :

This is a more detailed review of earlier subject material. It is a guide, not a list of what will be on the test.
Refer to your completed prelectures for the Solomon chapters and page numbers. These are your comprehensive study guides. Also refer to your completed labs. These are your most important study materials

EVOLUTION, CLASSIFICATION AND DOMAIN EUKARYA| “PROTISTS”

TERMS TO DEFINE in your own words
Evolution Population Species Adaptation Homology Natural selection Vestigial cladogram Eukaryote monophyletic Prokaryote sympatric speciation homoplasy Supergroup Bacteria Archaea allopatric speciation Convergent evolution

ANSWER THE FOLLOWING:
1. Why is it incorrect to say “individuals evolve”, but it is correct to say “populations evolve”?
2. Why are only inherited variations important in the evolutionary process?
3. Darwin’s mechanism of evolution by natural selection consists of observations on four aspects of the natural world. Name each “aspect” and provide a description that includes how it contributes to natural selection or evolution.
4. Where is fossilization most likely to occur: a flood plain or a tropical rain forest? Why? Why is the fossil record biased?
5. How do homologous and homoplastic (analogous) features provide evidence of evolution? What are specific examples of each?
6. Compare and contrast the biological and phylogenetic species concept.
7. Define “reproductive isolating mechanisms” and list each type, provide a briefexplanation and example. Start with the 5 prezygotic barriers, then the 3 postzygotic barriers.
8. Draw a tree, showing the 3 domains of life. How is a prokaryote different from a eukaryote? Label the cell types and adaptations on your cladogram.
9. What are cyanobacteria? How did they help change earth’s history and pave the way for eukaryotic organisms? What organelle is derived from this prokaryotic ancestor? What theory describes this?
10. What is horizontal gene transfer? How can it confuse our understanding of relationships between organisms? Describe this in terms of the acquisition of mitochondria and chloroplasts in Domain Eukarya.
11. Alpha proteobacteria are ancestors to which eukaryotic organelle?
12. List and describe the different Supergroups. Provide a representative protist example of each clade.
13. Why are Supergroups used in Domain Eukarya? What Supergroups are Kingdom Plantae, Fungi and Animalia in?
14. Understand what “descent with modification” means and how this applies to studying organisms. Be able to describe natural selection as a mechanism of evolution and apply it to the different adaptations seen in Kingdom Plantae.

PLANT EVOLUTION AND LIFE CYCLES
TERMS TO DEFINE in your own words
sporophyte eudicot cotyledon xylem ovule microspore endosperm archegonium phloem seed megaspore gametophyte stomata vessel element ovary cone antheridium root zygote embryo monocot tracheid leaf pollination

ANSWER THE FOLLOWING:
1. What were the key challenges that the green algae had to overcome in their adapting to life on dry land? How were these challenges met and in which lineages?
2. What organism is believed to be the ancestor to plants? Why? What do land plants share with their ancestors? What are new innovations?
3. List, give the common name, and describe the key differentiating characteristics of each of the major surviving phyla of plants. Tell whether the gametophyte or sporophyte is dominant in the life cycle.
4. How did the presence of bryophytes change the ecology of the Earth? How did ancient vascular plants change the environment on Earth?
5. What characteristic differentiates the tracheophytes from the non-tracheophytes? Why are the nontracheophytes generally small, and close to the ground?
6. What are stomata? What is their purpose? In what lineage of plants did they first evolve?
7. Describe alternation of generations. Identify and label the life cycles of mosses, ferns, conifers and angiosperms.
8. Describe the advantages to having seeds; to having flowers.
9. Describe the differences between gymnosperms and angiosperms.
10. Name, describe, and identify the parts of an angiosperm seed and flower. Name and briefly describe the two monophyletic lineages (classes) of angiosperms.
12. Define coevolution and pollination syndrome. How has the evolution of angiosperms influenced the evolution

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