Biodiversity Decline as a Consequence of an Inappropriate Environmental Risk - Management Assignment Help

Assignment Task:

Task:

The widespread contamination of ecosystems with plant protection products (pesticides in this text) around the world is evident (Hoferkamp et al., 2010; Shunthirasingham et al., 2011; Stehle and Schulz, 2015a; Ferrario et al., 2017; Hvezdová et al., 2018; Silva et al., 2019 ? ). Pesticide effects on the physiology, activity and diversity of various aquatic and terrestrial non-target organisms is addressed by numerous studies, and many new aspects are also described in a recent Frontiers Research Topic.

We currently observe a deterioration of biodiversity in agricultural landscapes, and the dramatic losses are increasingly discussed by the public (European Commission, 2018a). Declines of insect biomass of more than 70% in the last few decades in Germany, the halving of farmland bird populations in Europe and effects on pollinators are widely known (Donald et al., 2001; Potts et al., 2010; Hallmann et al., 2017). Out of a set of recorded parameters of agricultural intensification (such as field size, fertilizer application, landscape heterogeneity) a unique, pan- European study identified pesticide application as the responsible factor for lower biodiversity of plants, ground beetles, and birds in wheat fields (Geiger et al., 2010). Recently, a review recognized chemical pollution including pesticides as the second most important driver for the worldwide decline in insect populations (Sánchez-Bayo and Wyckhuys, 2019). Other drivers were habitat loss and conversion to intensive agriculture, fertilizer inputs, introduced species, and climate change.

There is agreement in the scientific community that pesticides are a central responsible factor for the observed terrestrial biodiversity declines. However, pesticides are perceived also as the chemicals with the strictest regulation, requiring an in-depth Environmental Risk Assessment (ERA) for registration in the European Union (European Parliament, 2009). This procedure includes the performance of a set of toxicity studies and calculations using predicted exposure values to calculate a risk. If the risk is deemed acceptable pesticides can be placed on the market (for an overview see.g. Storck et al., 2017). Interestingly during this step of the authorization process the “acceptable risk” is leading to pesticides considered “safe” for the environment (EFSA, 2019). Farmers, assuming they are using “safe” pesticides, are currently confronted with the public, blaming them for the observed declines of biodiversity. It seems that the ERA for pesticide regulation as currently carried out is inappropriate since it cannot prevent that registered and commonly used pesticides have detrimental effects on our environment.

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