Highlights
Task:
Question 1
1. In a prospective cohort study, these results were obtained after 1 year of follow-up:
|
|
|
Disease present at end of study |
|
|
|
|
YES |
NO |
|
Exposed |
YES |
30 |
20 |
|
NO |
10 |
180 |
|
Calculate:(10 marks, 2.5 each)
a. the odds of exposure among the diseased group;
b.the diseaserate in the unexposed group;
c. the ratio of diseased to non-diseasedin the study population; and
d. the proportion of study participants that are diseased.
Question 2
2. Calculate Attributable fractions (10 marks, 5 each) for the cohort study results in question 1.
a. Population attributable fraction; and the
b. Attributable fraction (exposed)
Question 3
3. A study was carried out to see if there was an association between raised blood pressure and hearing impairment in a large factory employing 400 people. The research question is: “Does raised blood pressure result in impaired hearing?”.
All 400 people were included in the study. Over a two-week period, the 400 employees were asked to undergo audiometry and a blood pressure reading, both measurements being performed, for convenience, at the same time.
It was found that 100 of the participants had raised blood pressure, or else they had normal blood pressure, but were on treatment for blood pressure. These 100 were all classified as having raised blood pressure. In addition, 40 of the 400 participantshad hearing impairment. Two hundred and ninety of the 400 respondents had neither raised blood pressure or hearing impairment. (10 marks, 4 and 6 as shown)
a. Which study design was used in this study? [4 marks]
b. Draw and populate a 2x2 table for these data. Fully label the table [6 marks]
Question 4
4. Calculate two, named, measures of association for the above table that are appropriate for the study design. (10 marks, 5 each)
Give the name of each of the two measures and the calculated values.
Question 5
5. Suppose that you have carried out a retrospective case-control study. Name the measure of association that you may not calculate directly from the data in your 2x2 table. Give two reasons why you may not use this measure of association for a case-control study. (10 marks in total, 2 for the name of the measure and 4 each for the reasons why the measure should not be used)
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