Conflict and Health Exam - Vulnerability of Conflict-Affected People - COVID-19 - Medical Science Assignment Help

Assignment Task

Questions -

Question 1. This year, when international actors were creating guidance documents to address COVID-19 in humanitarian settings, many of these documents included specifications for whether conflict-affected people lived in ‘camp-like settings’, ‘urban areas’ or ‘rural areas’. What is the rationale for adapting guidance like this to match the setting? In your answer, please consider how these camp/urban/rural settings differently affect:
i) The vulnerability of conflict-affected people to infectious disease threats, as well as
ii) The ability of humanitarian actors to provide disease control services? (Answers can reflect the risks of COVID-19 and/or other infectious threats)

Question 2. You are working for an international medical NGO in a country that has been affected by a civil war for years. The national government controls half of the territory. The other half is held by two opposition groups. International governments support either the government or the opposition armed groups. Your organisation supports a hospital in the government-held area. Within this area, there is also an enclave controlled by the armed opposition, where 15,000 civilians are trapped and access to health services is poor. There are credible reports from activists inside the area of pregnant women unable to access emergency services and severe malnutrition among children. After long negotiations, your team is granted access to this enclave under the condition that you would: 1) Not assist any armed opposition fighters or their families; 2) Be accompanied by a government official for all visits to the enclave; 3) Use an ambulance donated by a foreign government that carries a sticker stating this, with that government’s flag; 4) Not report publicly on the situation. If these conditions are respected, you are allowed to assist the population and evacuate relevant patients. With reference to the Humanitarian Principles explain how you would decide whether to go. What would justify the decision to go to the enclave under these conditions, or if you refuse such conditions, what alternative conditions would you propose?

Question 3. A colleague with whom you discuss your interest in humanitarian work, tells you that he thinks that the number of very violent conflicts with a high number of deaths have globally decreased, mainly because the Cold War has ended. He thinks that the conflicts that are going on today continue largely because there is a lack of political will to solve them. How would you respond to this? In your response, please consider: 
What type of conflicts and deaths are dominant nowadays and 
What are the causes that lead to re-occurrence of conflict or protracted conflicts?

Question 4. At a recent meeting of health sector stakeholders, the World Health Organization representative criticised the NGOs for not doing enough to support epidemic surveillance in some refugee camps. The WHO wants to implement a new system which relies on weekly data collection on 25 key diseases from both health facilities and any community health workers, and automated transmission of data to their country office where they will do analysis of unusual trends and report back on findings after one month. Many of the NGOs complained that this would be too burdensome. Can you propose an alternative system that might be lighter and more responsive to the needs? How would it be designed and how does it compare to the WHO-proposed system?

Question 5. There is debate among health sector stakeholders in an urban tented internally displaced persons (IDP) camp about whether to vaccinate for pertussis / whooping cough, and how. There have been a few suspected cases in the last two weeks, but the IDPs come from a district where the reported administrative coverage of the vaccine was 68%, so people are saying that there is no risk as this is the ‘normal’ level of whooping cough cases, and that routine vaccination services should gradually resume but only once the main disease priorities are dealt with. Please outline what position you would take and why.

Question 6. As a senior management figure in a humanitarian health organisation for over 30 years, you have witnessed the changing epidemiological, demographic and social profiles of IDPs and refugees in recent decades, meaning that humanitarian actors have had to address different health challenges than previously. What kinds of diseases in particular have become newly important to address among conflict-affected populations, and what are some factors in conflict-affected settings that increase the risks or impacts of these diseases?

Question 7. You are working in a city that hosts a high number of IDPs, among whom there are high levels of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depression. 
What might be some causes of high rates of mental disorders among IDPs? 
Please describe what approach you would take to address mental disorders among IDPs and explain why you have chosen that approach.

Question 8. You are tasked with supporting the local authorities to provide sexual and reproductive health (SRH) services to a population in a refugee camp during the acute phase of a conflict. 
What tool might you use to guide you in planning your priority interventions during this phase and when the crisis stabilises? 
What are the key objectives of this tool? 
What are some challenges in implementing it?

Question 9. Your organisation has been receiving some worrying reports of increased gender-based violence in a collection of refugee camps. You would like to do a study to understand what is driving the violence, its health consequences and other related impacts to ensure that you have appropriate and accessible services in place to help and (possibly) prevent the violence from continuing. As you think about the study, please discuss: 
What types of gender-based violence would you need to consider and what this would help you understand, 
Whom should you interview and why, and 
What are at least two issues you should consider as you design and implement the study.

Question 10. You have been hired by a government in a conflict-affected country to advise on their health policy and strategy. Here, access to services has been inconsistent across different areas held by different armed groups and mostly delivered by a patchwork of NGOs. However, a new peace agreement is in place and seems to be holding, a unity government has been formed, the intensity of armed violence in most parts of the country has significantly decreased, and large displaced populations are now returning to their pre-conflict areas. People in the Ministry of Health want to design a ‘Basic Package of Health Services’ and have asked you to advise. 
What is a Basic Package of Health Services? 
Would it be appropriate in this setting and why or why not? 
What might be the potential impact of strengthening health services on state-building?

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