Construction and Production of Construction & Installation Work - Engineering Assignment Help

Assignment Task

Abstract
High rise construction Is complex phenomenon. It requiresThe article contains the factors determining the choice of methods for organizing the construction and production of construction and installation work for the construction of high-rise buildings. There are also indicated specific features of their underground parts, characterized by powerful slab-pile foundations, large volumes of earthworks, reinforced bases and foundations for assembly cranes. The work cycle is considered when using reinforced concrete, steel and combined skeletons of high-rise buildings; the areas of application of flow, separate and complex methods are being disclosed. The main conditions for the erection of high-rise buildings and their components are singled out: the choice of formwork systems, delivery and lifting of concrete mixes, installation of reinforcement, the formation of lifting and transporting and auxiliary equipment. The study prescribes the reserves of reduction in the duration of construction due to the creation of: complex mechanized technologies for the efficient construction of foundations in various soil conditions, including in the heaving, swelling, hindered, subsidence, bulk, water saturated forms; complex mechanized technologies for the erection of monolithic reinforced concrete structures, taking into account the winter conditions of production and the use of mobile concrete-laying complexes and new generation machines; modular formwork systems, distinguished by their versatility, ease, simplicity in operation suitable for complex highrise construction; more perfect methodology and the development of a set of progressive organizational and technological solutions that ensure a rational relationship between the processes of production and their maximum overlap in time and space. Furthermore, the research also elaborates different strategies such as diadric design technique , fmcda approach, LBS schedule approach , cool roofs, methods to improve productivity, risk management approaches that can be employed during project lifecycle to improve cost performance of project.
After carefully examining all the case studies, the general challenges faced by construction industry in adopting and implementing these strategies are discussed. Recommendations on how to adopt in construction of high-rise buildings with the help of case studies and literature review are proposed with a final conclusion.
 

Introduction
A high rise building (Tower) is defined to be a building which total height exceeds 36m or more than 12 floors and its use varies between residential, administrative or as a hotel. Except for height is always a relative matter and a building can’t be defined using the term of height only, where judging on a building depends on the conditions of the surrounding environment, so it’s not possible to set a precise definition to high rise buildings. But from the structural point of view it can be defined as the building that its height will be affected by lateral forces resulting from earth quakes & wind forces to the extent that such forces will play a major role in the process of design.
High rise buildings have always fascinated the minds of people since the start of its construction in the ancient times. The construction of such buildings began in the ancient times for defensive purposes or religious purposes (roman temples, pharaonic, churches……). But in the modern era construction of such project began in the eighties of the nineteenth century for the purpose of either residential or administrative, then it became to meet the requirements of hotels & other touristic needs as well.

Rationale /Reasons for taking the trend of constructing high rise buildings (Towers): (1)
There are many reasons to establish a high rise building investment project. And they are as follows:
- Rapid growth of population in urban communities, and therefore the constant pressure of the limited land area affected the evolution of building.
- Restriction of random expansion in major cities adjacent to agricultural land.
- The high cost of setting up infrastructure for new cities.
- Expression of progress and civilization.
And there are many other factors, for example the city of Rio de Janeiro & Hong Kong, they had other specific reasons such as terrain’s conditions or the lack of land area like the United Arab Emirates and others.

Objectives of this Research
• To establish the parameters associated with construction of high-rise buildings
Investigate innovative technology that can help in cost reductionLimitations
The study investigates cost parameter in relation to the cost invested in construction and doesnot accounts for operative cost or revenue generated
explore the innovative techniques and methodologies adopted in developed countries to achieve NZE in residential buildings. • To thoroughly examine the case studies of NZE residential buildings in USA, Europe and Australia outlining the
 

Literature review
High rise development has so many similarities with standard office development the value of a study dedicated to high rise offices may seem arguable. Particularly when the focus is on building costs. Feasibility is much more defined by location and the market. As stated by a colleague working in the Hong Kong environment: “Land costs are so dominant, it does not matter how you make high rise, as long as you make it!”
High rise ability is a research project in order to clarify these economic boundaries, at least in the Dutch context. Since we are convinced that building costs have a large impact, this has been the starting point. But impact and size are different entities in this view. Even talking in millions, the contribution of the building costs, as a part of the construction costs, takes a humble place in the total process, because:
• Building costs are only a part of the total investment. In the feasibility study land costs and other additional costs may have a larger impact and are more negotiable.
• Value creation can mean more to a project then only looking at the cost side of the balance, in which the building costs or even the investment may be treated as a fixed figure, or based upon indices and the required gross floor area.
• Compared to life cycle costs building costs, as well as the total investment costs, are only a fragment, although the design itself may have a large impact on the life cycle costs,
• Looking at the turnover of the building in its life time the building costs become really modest (Ward, 2007). The impact of design and building costs on this turnover in terms of a building (not) meeting the needs of the user can be huge.

Building height has a large impact on building costs. The foundation takes onaverage a small part and is not increasing spectacular. Structure, good for 16% ofthe total costs on average is increasing with 10 to 15 % per 10 floors. Main reasons are increasing loads and stability influences. Facades (18%) are increasing with 3-4% per 10 floors. The costs for services (25%) are increasing with 10-15% per 10 floors, very much depending of floor size, and related to this size, the number of devices. The costs of elevators are increasing with 15-20% per 10 floors, due to advanced installations, higher speeds and increasing fire fighting requirements.
Building site costs are also investigated. They will increase by approximately 1.5

The main conclusion out of this research is that building costs are increasing withapproximately 8 percent per 10 floors. This increase is mainly caused by theadditional costs of services and elevators and the additional costs of the structure.COST MODEL HRA - The HRA-model, based upon previous results takes moredetailed information as an input in order to calculate quantities, and resulting in an estimate for the building costs (direct building costs and contractor/site).A relative straight forward result is given for the façade. In the graph the percentage increase is given in relation to the number floors. Below eight floors the smaller project size is causing higher costs. Neither the model nor the experts have been focussing on the low rise. The useful starting point is eight floors with an average of 225 €/m2 GFA. As a base for further calculations this figure (2006) should be indexed to the appropriate year. The percentage increase is time persistent until e.g. the introduction of an innovative mean of vertical transport. The incomparable value of ‘Wonen in de wolken’ can be ignored in this case. In this theoretical model the influence of the height on the façade is disregarded. This graph results in a height charge for the façade of 0.4 % per floor.

Structure gives a comparable result, a significant increase after 10 floors with consistency between most sources. The percentage increase itself is more spectacular. The structure has to cope with the same wind load as the facade, but also the dead weight goes hand in hand with the height, resulting into a stronger response to the height. More heterogeneity can be noticed in the expert opinion. Different contractors and advisors will assume different construction methods. Sme contractors will calculate with RC where steel will be the focal point for some. Prefab is rising. This heterogeneity could be read as a dimension to what degree further research is required. A design model should opt for different construction types, different structures as well as optimizing by the combinations.

Langdon shows that where the costs are increasing with the height, the earning capacity of the building is decreasing, in which the vertical transport with the 5 % of the GFA for the elevators takes its substantial contribution. The graph with a similar result of the model (figure 9) shows a similar decrease of efficiency, but here the number of floors is combined with the floor area. This is making clear that the worst results in the sense of efficiency and feasibility are appearing with tall buildings with small floor plans. Unfortunately (in the cost perspective) Dutch labour legislation (daylight requirements for office workers) is forcing into this type of building. Figure 8: Increase of building costs in relation to height and size of floor plan Efficiency and costs are determined by the design. The descriptive HRA-model as is gives a reasonable (validated) indication of the costs. The next step in modelling is to take the design options into account. It is seen as a modular growing model, in which the different parts can be integrated piece by piece, finally resulting in a complete design model.


GAP – Not much focus construction operations/methodolgy which can improve cost performance. Cost impact of conventional metholodlgiesWastage in concrete Using precast

Using fmcdaReplacing conventional pert and CPM techniques with LBS
 

Optimisation Techniques
Design technology based on resizing method for reduction of costs -The resizing method suggested by Park et al. [43], and Seo et al.44] showed that the structural displacement to lateral load canbe effectively reduced by increasing the stiffness of the structureafter the re-design of the sectional sizes of members based onthe displacement participation factor calculated by the unit loadmethod. Then, under the same structural weight, an increase in
the stiffness of the structure raises its natural frequency. Based onthe wind load acting on the structure can be regulated bycontrolling the structural stiffness with the resizing method. Theprevious publications [42–44], which proposed a design technology for high-rise buildings using resizing methods, proved that thenatural frequency of a structure can be easily increased without increase in weight or a repetitive structural analysis. However,they did not consider the decreasing wind load with the change i, anddidnotperformananalysis for the weight reduction.DPF, used for the resizing method, means the level of contribution of each member to the lateral displacement. The sum ofDPFs of all members equals to the lateral displacement of thebuilding. At the structural design phase of high-rise buildings, the of the top floor is generally considered.

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