CP5603: Combating Typo Squatting - Zero-Day Attacks - IT Assessment Answer

IT Assessment Task CP5603

1. Combating Typo Squatting CP5603
What can organizations do to fight back against typo squatting? Research the Internet to find out how companies are combating this growing problem. How can these typo squatting sites be taken down?
What must a company do in order to stop these sites? And why has it been so difficult to do this? What proactive steps can a company take? Write a short report on your research.

2. Zero-Day Attacks CP5603
Attacks that exploit previously unknown vulnerabilities are considered some of the most dangerous attacks. Use the Internet to research these attacks. How are the vulnerabilities discovered? What are some of the most recent zero-day attacks? What defenses are there against them? Write a short report on your research.

3. Diffie-Hellman Research CP5603
How does Diffie-Hellman key exchange protocol works? Use the Internet to research this key-exchange protocol. Then visit the website dkerr.home.mindspring.com/diffie hellman calc.html to see how values are created. Provide a numerical example and show how the ‘man-in-the-middle’ attack works in this protocol. write a short report on your research.

4. Cryptanalysis of Polyalphabetic Ciphers: CP5603
In this question you learn a classical polyalphabetic substitution cipher (known as Vigen ?ere cipher), and are required to cryptanalysis a given cryptogram. Cryptanalysis of an information system is the study of mathematical techniques for attempting to defeat information security services. A cryptographic system is said to be breakable if a third party (i.e., cryptanalyst), without prior knowledge of the key, can systematically recover plaintext from corresponding ciphertext within an appropriate time frame.

Background
Julius Caesar used a cipher which moved each letter of the alphabet to the letter three to the left in the predetermined order of the letters of the alphabet. Figure 1 shows original English alphabet and corresponding cryptogram alphabet in Caesar cipher:

a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z
d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z a b c

Figure 1: English alphabet letter and their corresponding cryptograms in the Caesar cipher In order to use mathematical notations, let convert letters of the alphabet to integers. The most natural conversion is to assign to each letter an integer which indicates the position of the letter in the alphabet.
That is, assign 0, 1, · · · , 24, 25 to a, b, · · · , y, z, respectively. Using this conversion, Caesar cipher can be expressed as:

C = Ek(M) = M + 3

where ‘C’ is the cryptogram, ‘E’ is the encryption algorithm, ‘k’ is the key, ‘M’ is the message/plaintext Caesar cipher is from the family of shift ciphers, in which the cryptogram is a shifted version of the original alphabet. Cryptanalysis of the Caesar (and all shift ciphers) is easy, because there are 26 possible keys/shift.

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