Digital Transformation in The Healthcare Industry Assignment

Assignment Task

1. Introduction

Digital health is depicted as a broad term and broad multidisciplinary concept that comprises the intersection occurring between technology and health care. This can be applied to the transformation which is occurring digitally in the healthcare field as it can be done by incorporating the software as well as hardware and devices. Some of the examples of digital technologies that can be applied include mobile health such as mobile health apps which as mHealth apps, wearable devices in health care, telehealth services, personalized medicines, telemedicine as well as electronic medical records (Gunasekeran et al. 2021). The stakeholder in digital technologies includes the patients, practitioners, researchers, applications and medical device manufacturers and distributors. The digital revolution is now changing the healthcare process and it can manage and makes healthcare more efficient. This help in delivering better quality health care work as well as reducing the response time of the patient. In the United States, the length of the average hospital stay is decreased by 33%. The different advantages that it offers include improving life expectancy and quality, the efficacy of health and fastening the diagnosis process (Fagherazzi et al. 2020). Digitalization in healthcare can help in predicting and curing disease and this can enhance the quality of life of people. Some of the importance that digital technology offers to healthcare management such as reducing medication errors, aiding in preventive care as well as staffing can be done effectively. It includes helping hospitals and clinics predict the admission rates as this can help in improving staff scheduling. There is NHS digital and here it has improved the lives of the individual (Gunasekeran et al. 2021). In NHS, there are 3 billion firewall transactions per day such as actively monitoring and protecting the devices across the NHS. There is 99.95 % of availability such as near-perfect average availability across the 100 live services. NHS has the 1.4 billion transactions per month such as NHS spine which connects 20000 health care organizations that can allow the information to be shared. The App is also there which is the NHS App and it provides a simple and secure way to access a range of NHS services. It includes 26 million verified users (Shah et al. 2021). The time COVID-19 created a global health crisis and during the post covid phase, medical devices, quarantine facilities and surveillance systems and related digital technologies are in huge demand (Peek et al. 2020). Application of the digital technology had helped in providing support, medical consultations as well as health care services. It had also helped in providing an important solution to curb the transmission of the virus. The drive to digitalize as well as transform the technology is depicted as a core priority for NHS and it will bolster the different health care services in the long-term sustainability (Petracca et al. 2020). These comprise many challenges such as raising waiting lists, workforce capacity issues, stretching the elective recovery targets as well as constrained funding. This had led to cause operational pressure on the NHS. The digital health transformation is a boon and a core pillar for post-pandemic recovery as well as reform. In NHS, there are many proposed reforms concerning digital transformation such as embedded virtual care, supporting the choice in the elective area as well as addressing changes in interoperability (Crawford and Serhal 2020). In this research, the focus will be on discussing the best solution to improve digital health care devices for the better management of health care. This will focus on the evolving post covid technology innovation for the proper management of health care activities in the NHS settings.

2. Background

The pandemic COVID 19 is conducting its natural experiment, as, before the pandemic, there were many barriers to innovation in NHS. The list of barriers includes the lack of financial

incentives, the occurrence of resistance by the clinicians as well a top-down system. But during the pandemic time and also by the post-covid time, the National Health Service (NHS) has been adopting digital technology at an astonishing pace. In the year 2019, the number of digital appointments that the individual was taking include only 15 % of the 23 million primary care appointments. This was increased up to 49 % by 2020 in April months. As there were 49 % of the appointment were given by phone or online in NHS. Many revolutions and innovations took place in NHS and by May 2020, there were 90 % of the GP practices had been virtually delivered to patients (Kalhori et al. 2019). Thus, during the post-COVID times, health care services have been transformed and many technologies and innovations are being delivered in a good manner. The paper argued that the technology has been introduced in health care and it includes small improvements that have been done to transform the nature of the health care services. Thus, there is a scope to go above space in the health care services as technology had led to develop a stronger bond between caregivers and the service users. This will aid in shifting the balance of power between professionals and service users. This will aid in developing better-integrated services and also delivering holistic care (Feger 2021). The adoption and spread of innovation in NHS as it has a transformative power for simple and low-cost innovations to improve health and care services. This led to cause dramatic differences in the life of the people. Thus, as the changes in NHS have been noticed, there is also a change in the working style of NHS that led to providing a good care service in the health care domain. The department in NHS had started to work from home and in hybrid mode. This was a big change for NHS as well as many policies are implemented around the NHS. Thus, it will lead to good cost savings in terms of resources, staffing and easy monitoring (Hutchings 2020).

2.1 Objective and aim

The research aims to find the best solutions to improve digital health care services for better management in health care. The objective of the current research will be focusing on the evolution of the post covid technology innovation for the proper management of health care services in the NHS settings. The objective is to identify different digital health technologies for better health care management.

3. Literature Review Methodology

The type of research that will be included in this will be a systematic literature review. This will help in the identification of the aim as well as the selection and appraisal of the literature which is present in the article in a critical manner. This is comprehensive and transparent research and it was also conducted via the different databases that can be replicated and reproduced. The methodology is used in addressing the concerns such as credibility, biasness as well as replicability. The different steps that will be considered in conducting the literature review will be done in step wide manner-

3.1. Familiarisation with the PRISMA framework

In this literature review, the type of framework that will be used includes PRISMA. This is the minimum set of items that will help in doing a systematic review and meta-analysis. It helped in reviewing the effects of the intervention and also any issues that are occurring in the health care domain. The guidelines that will be followed in this include the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews. It will follow the guideline which includes Cochrane Authors in 2009. In this literature review, the guidelines will be followed by the

formulation of the four-phase diagram and also the 27 items checklist will be fulfilled. This will aid in identifying, screening and checking the eligibility criteria and inclusion criteria. This will help in checking the title, abstract, introduction, methodology as well as result and discussion. This will help in the identification of any mistakes occurring in the systematic reviews.

3.3. Research question

The PICO framework will be used in the construction of the research question. This will help in the framing of the question and will help in framing the search terms and keywords for the specific topic. Thus, the P will be the population such as the health care staff and workers that are involved in providing care to the patient in a pandemic situation. I am the intervention which is depicting digital innovation and solutions helping to manage healthcare. There will be no comparison and the outcome will be better health management in the NHS and health care services. Thus, the formulated research question will be What are the best solutions to improve digital healthcare devices for better healthcare management?

3.3. Eligibility criteria

3.3.1 Information source

The different databases that will be used in the searching of literature include the PUBMED and GOOGLE SCHOLAR. These are the databases that will help in organising the data and help in finding the information such as articles, journals, books and so on. This will help in retrieving the information for the concerned research. The aforementioned databases will be used as it encompasses the peer-reviewed literature in the healthcare domains such as healthcare sciences, nanotechnology, medical sciences and nursing sciences. PUBMED database comprises 33 million papers in the bio-medical domain and it also comprises life science journals and online books. Google scholar will be used as this will help in searching the literature part and it is one platform for books, theses, articles as well as online repositories. The illustrative feature of this database is that it will help in exploring the relevant work of the topic, and it will aid in providing the relevant searches in one place.

3.3.2 Search strategy

This is of utmost importance to perform a good search for a systematic literature review. The search strategy will start from the formulation of the search terms for the research and keywords will be formulated from the search term to find the appropriate literature. The keywords in this will be the best solution, digital technology, health care management, covid, and post-covid. After this, the keywords will be combined with the Boolean operators such as AND and OR. This will help in making the search strings that will be fed into the database to find the appropriate article. Thus, the formulated search term includes- Best solutions AND improvement OR digital healthcare devices AND better healthcare management OR healthcare services.

3.3.3 Inclusion and Exclusion

The exclusion and inclusion criteria are really important for the research study as this will help in defining a good and reliable research protocol. Inclusion criteria include that it will help in including all the relevant literature information and appropriate information in the document. The exclusion criteria are the factors that make the studies ineligible to be included. The inclusion criteria include that the studies from 2012 to 2022 will be included in the research study. The articles in the English language will be included and the papers

published can be any time of paper qualitative or quantitative. The papers that will be included should focus on digital innovation in the health care industry to provide good patient care. The exclusion criteria in the research include that, the papers that were published before 2012 will be excluded and papers in any other language will be excluded.

3.3.4 Data extraction

To extract the data, a standardized form will be created and there will be two judges and senators. The data in the study will be limited to the outcomes that have been published. The different information will be collected from the study and will be presented in the literature review.

3.3.5 Quality assessment

The quality assessment will be done by the CASP tool for systematic reviews. This will help in the identification of the potential threats which will occur in the validity of the findings. The informed decisions will be made regarding the quality of evidence and this will help in knowing the methodology of the study. Some other tools that can be used in this include CASP, AMSTAR, JBI and so on.

3.3.6 Ethical considerations

The principle that will guide the process of research, as well as the research design, is depicted as the ethical considerations. This will help in conducting the research and all the codes of data collection will adhere to this. This will help in the legitimacy of the research as well as transparency and uniqueness will be maintained. The confidentiality and privacy of the individual will be maintained by following the ethics.

Task

This chapter is a significant element of your Dissertation as it determines the manner and form of your enquiry. For the Master's, this is typically the way data is collected and the way it is analysed. For what reason will have been specified in your introduction chapter. In other words, it is how you have undertaken the data collection and analysis. If done correctly, it will exhibit both reliability/confirmability and validity/credibility. Your methodology must seek to achieve both.

It is not uncommon to see the methodology chapter split between the choice and development of the research instrument(s) (the means by which you collect your data – qualitative or quantitative or both) and the tools of analysis. You must understand a range of research instruments and tools of analysis to select the appropriate ones for the task you have determined. The choice of research instrument predetermines the range of tools available for analysis. The two are inextricably linked, independent but attached, much like Siamese twins.

Other broader but important areas of methodology may well be introduced, for instance, philosophical tenets of reason and rationality. Rationality may well be bounded, but it does not necessarily mean that logic is confined in the same manner. There may be an opportunity to look at the nature and use of evidence. Theories and hypotheses are often based upon assumptions that we have to accept to proceed with the argument, knowing their accuracy and relevance may be crucial, such as in the modern managerial behaviour theories. The way you construct your argument in terms of logic, reason, and rationality could underpin the whole Dissertation, and therefore, it is necessary to get it right the first time. Critical academic assessment is, as stated, critical. Still, it is difficult to be overly critical of a theory without being able to replace it with something better, whatever that may be.

Here lies the link with your literature review. You need to determine and evaluate what the literature says about the methodology you wish to employ. It may be a good methodology, but is it appropriate for your task at hand? A less sophisticated methodology may yield greater reward, do not undertake a task greater than your ability or outside the time available to do it. It is better to do something small but well rather than too large, too difficult or too time-consuming, and, as a consequence, never submitted. Your supervisor will assist you here if asked.

Having undertaken your data collection, part of your findings could be how well the methodology worked in this particular instance. It may well be that you could contribute to the literature on the subject yourself by publishing, even having your Dissertation available for inspection may help others.

Please do not put your research instrument(s) in the methodology chapter; it goes into an appendix at the end, not in the text. However, you must explain why you have chosen or developed this particular instrument in the text. You must also explain and relate various forms of data you collect and its source, for example, is the analysis on primary or secondary data? How do they reinforce each other (note

triangulation within methodology), and how do they contribute to your problem's resolution (hypothesis).

It would help if you also were absolutely explicit on how you have determined your sample and from what population it has been drawn. This may limit the tools of analysis you may wish to employ (for example, in statistics, will the sample be based on probability or non-probability?). The use of descriptive statistics alone may be warranted alongside relevant charts (informed by the type of data) where the sample is non-random (convenience, purposive, etc.). The use of inferential statistics is recommended where a probability (random) sample can be sought. A probability sample requires a list of all population members so that a set of potential participants (sample) can be selected at random. Please ensure that your analysis uses the correct statistical approach for your sample. Just because you have been taught how to use inferential statistics doesn't mean that they are applicable to every study. You will not loose marks for only using descriptive statistics if they are the most appropriate for your study. For qualitative studies your sampling approach, the type of data you collect, and your approach to analysis will be all be informed by your philosophy. Make sure to stay within the bounds of acceptable practice outlined by a key proponent of the worldview you have opted to engage with for the purposes of your research.

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