East India Companies And Their Environmental Policies - Richard Grove Case Study - Management Assignment Help

Assignment Task

The history of tropical forest change over the last millennium is difficult to chart with any confident degree of accuracy. Indeed, systematic attempts even for the last hundred years have been made only recently. In general, more is known at present about the history of tropical forests in Asia and Southeast Asia than forests in Africa or South America.' This lack of knowledge is partly due to the fact that the causal factors behind the erosion of tropical forests area are particularly difficult to disentangle. However, important con- nections can be made between European expansion, the penetration of cap- italist economic forces, and the transformation of tropical environments.

 Above all, the spread of market relations in the tropics has served to encour- age the rapid clearance of forests for agriculture. The history of global defor- estation has probably been closely associated at many of its fastest stages with the dynamics of the forces of industrialisation and the expansion of a Euro- pean-centered world-system. Nevertheless, there have also been phases ofrapid change in zones as yet unaffected by the dynamics of capitalist transfor- mation as they are normally understood. The conceptual problem that arises has less to do with the difficulties of explaining the dynamics of rapid ecologi-cal change than with the problems entailed in using a monolithic and Euro- centric world system theory to describe patterns of proto-capitalist and indige- nous consumption. Thus, at various times the relatively rapid clearance of large areas of forest in much of the Pacific area, in tropical Africa, and in Northern India has taken place outside the context of the expansion of any world system. Significantly, some phases of non-European clearance have led to the development of important and ambitious state initiatives in forestry and environmental control, although very few have ever been properly inves- tigated.

Since the Second World War, tropical deforestation has taken place so rapidly that the prospect of the disappearance of the remaining core areas of
continental forest has led to a widespread contemporary apprehension about its consequences. This is frequently expressed in terms of anxieties about global climatic change and the likely disappearance of a high proportion of existing species of fauna and flora. Such concerns are, in fact, not new and, in their essentials, constitute a re-statement of anxieties expressed for more than two centuries.4 Furthermore, interventionist responses to rapid forest destruc- tion have a long and coherent intellectual history. Many emerged from the specific circumstances of colonial expansion and associated ecological change, although there have been some important exceptions. In particular, western anxieties about the possible connections between deforestation and climatic change emerged quite specifically in the colonial rather than the metropolitan European context. This essay intends to identify, briefly, some of the main milestones in the history of early western conservationist responses to the ecological effects of the colonial transformation of the landscape and to the destruction of tropical forests in particular.

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