Effect of Various Music Tempo on the Human Heart Rate - Nursing Assignment Help

Assignment Task

INTRODUCTION:
The human heart is an organ that pumps blood throughout the body in order to supply oxygen and nutrients to tissues and remove carbon dioxide and bodily wastes (Writer, 2020). The heart beats about 100,000 times per day. The heart rate is the number of times the heart beats per minute. When the body is at resting stare, the resting heart rate is measured. A resting body is lying down in a quiet area for 5 to 10 minutes. A normal heart rate is ranges from 60-100 beats per minute (bpm) (Writer, 2020). Resting heart rated higher than 100 bpm indicate that the heart is applying extra effort to circulate blood, suggesting as serious problem that should get professionally checked by a doctor (Writer, 2020).
The heart rate is controlled by two branches of the autonomic nervous system: the sympathetic nervous system and the parasympathetic nervous system (UC Davis Health, 2020). The autonomic nervous system regulates certain body processes, such as rate of breathing and blood pressure (MSD Manual Consumer Version, 2020). This system is automated by the body without an individual’s conscious effort (MSD Manual Consumer Version, 2020). The sympathetic nervous system releases hormones, such as epinephrine, in order to accelerate heart rate (UC Davis Health, 2020). However, the parasympathetic nervous system releases a hormone known as acetylcholine to slow the heart rate (UC Davis Health, 2020).
Factors such as stress, caffeine, and emotions may accelerate the heart rate of an individual. This is because caffeine contains epinephrine, in which, the consumption increases the blood level of epinephrine, increasing the heart rate (Dr T. Jared Bunch, 2020). However, meditation and slow deep breaths may assist in slowing or speeding the heart rate. Medication such as common cough, could, and Allergy Medicines contain pseudoephedrine or phenylephrine, causing heart palpitations or raise blood pressure CITATION Suz18 \l 3081 (Steinbaum, 2018). Heart palpitations are the feeling of having a fast-bearing, fluttering or pounding heart CITATION May20 \l 3081 (Mayo Clinic , 2020). This is because several medications can affect the electrical signals in the heart, causing an increase in the heart rate CITATION Suz181 \l 3081 (Steinbaum, 2018).
The aim of this experiment is to investigate the effect of various music tempos on the human heart rate. This will be done as an individual will listen to various music tempos for 2 minutes. Each 30 seconds, the heart rate will be measured using an oximeter.
HYPOTHESIS:
As the music tempo increases, the human heart rate will increase.
VARIABLES:
Independent: The independent is the tempo of music (60, 90, 120, and 150bpm)
Dependent: The dependent variable is the human heart rate (bpm). This will be measured using an oximeter.
METHOD SUMMARY:
The experiment was conducted in a silent and dim room. The individuals were allowed to sit on a chair and calm themselves down. The Oximeter was attached to the index finger of the individual and was then turned on. The resting heart rate of the individual was measured using the oximeter. The noise cancelling headphones were place on the individual and the song with a tempo of 60bpm was played for a time interval of 2 minutes. The heart rate of the individual was measured and recorded using the oximeter every 30 seconds of the song during the intervals of 2 minutes, recording a total of 4 trials for the song. After the heart rates were measured during the song, the heart rate was allowed to return to its resting hear rate as the individual rested for 10 minutes. These steps were repeated for songs tempos of 90, 120, and 150bpm.
RESULTS:
Table 4: The Effect of Various Music Tempos on the Human Heart Rate
Music Tempo (bpm) Human Heart Rate (bpm) Relative Range (%)
Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3 Trial 4 Total Average Range 0 (resting) 74 74 74 74 296 74 0 0
60 75 74 76 74 299 75 2 3
90 77 74 78 78 307 77 4 5
120 75 78 79 79 311 78 4 5
150 80 79 78 78 315 79 2 3
Resolution of oximeter: 1bpm
The total heart rate for each music tempo is identified through the formula:
Total=The addition of all trial valuese.g. The total heart rate for music tempo 60bpm=Trial 1+Trial 2+Trial 3+Trial 4=75+74+76+74=299bpm, as seen in Table 4The formula for calculating the average heart rate for each music tempo is:
Average=Total Number of trials e.g. The average heart rate for music tempo of 60bpm=2994=74.75=75bpm (2sf), as seen in Table 4 The range heart rate for each music tempo is calculated using the formula:
Range=Maximum Value-Minimum Valuee.g. The range heart rate for music tempo of 60bmp=76-74=2bpm, as seen in Table 4The relative range (%) was calculated through the formula:
% Relative Range=Maximum Value-Minimum ValueAverage Value×100e.g. The % relative range of vegetable extract sample 2= 76-7474.75×100=274.75×100=0.0267558528×100=2.67558528%=3% (1sf), as seen in Table 4
The difference of bpm of affected heart rate was calculated through the formula:
Difference=Final value Affected Heart Rate-Initial value (Resting Heart Rate)e.g the difference of bpm of affected heart rate=79bpm-74bmp=5bpm, as seen in Graph 2
DISCUSSION:
The results gathered indicated that as the music tempo increased, the human heart rate increased. When the music tempo was 60bpm, the average heart rate was 75bpm, which increased at a constant rate to an average of 79bmp when music tempo was 150bpm, as seen in Table 4. Graph 1 shows that there is a very strong, positive correlation as the R squared value is 0.956. Through the R squared value and the relative percentage range, it is evident that scatter is not present throughout the data gathered as all the percentage relative ranges below 10%, as seen in Table 4. This indicates that random errors have not affected the results, however, random results are always present and hence why the percentage relative range is not 0%. However, the affect of music tempo does not increase the heart rate by a significant amount as the difference between the resting heart rate recorded, music tempo 0bpm, and tempo affected heart rate, music tempo 150bpm (highest music tempo utilised in the experiment) has a difference of 5bpm, as seen in Graph 2. The difference of bpm between resting and affected heart rate increased at a constant rate as the music tempo increased. This indicated that although music tempo has an affect on the heart rate, it does not have a significant impact.
This data supports the hypothesis as the music tempo increased, the average heart rate increased, as seen in Graph 1. This is because various previous studies had shown that different music based on a variation in tempo has different physiological effects on the body, increase or decrease in heart rate. it was proven that fast tempo music of 120 to 150 beats per minute increases the anxiety, in which it also increases blood pressure and heart rate, while slow tempo music of 50 to 60 beats per minute have the opposite effect as they keep the heart at resting state and calm (Jass.neuro.wisc.edu, 2020). However, it is not fully known why this occurs, although, it is theorised that it is something that humans have learned while in their mother’s womb (Villazon, 2020). This is because foetuses can often hear from six months (second trimester) and every baby is exposed to the sound of its mother’s heartbeat (Villazon, 2020). When its mother is stressed, her heart rate rises. Her baby may come to associate that sound with the stressed sensation and adapt its heart rate to the mother (Villazon, 2020). Hence, it is believed that our reaction to music is a possible linking to the empathic memory that the human experiences as a baby in the mother’s womb (Villazon, 2020).
Throughout the experiment, several random and systematic errors such as the breathing rate of the individual throughout each song, and the physical conditions of the person, impacted the precision and accuracy of the data gathered.
5797555383530Figure SEQ Figure \* ARABIC 1: Drug Abuse Statistics Across Teenagers CITATION Jef19 \l 3081 (Juergens, 2019)00Figure 1: Drug Abuse Statistics Across Teenagers CITATION Jef19 \l 3081 (Juergens, 2019)center293560500One random error that have affected the precision of the results is the breathing/ breathing rate of the individual. This is because while breathing at a normal pace, the heart rate usually increase during the inhalation period and decrease during the exhalation (Iworx.com, 2020). This change in heart rate that is driven by breathing is known as the Respiratory Sinus Arrhythmia (Iworx.com, 2020). This occurs due to the diaphragm contraction. During inhalation, the diaphragm contracts and moves downwards, which creates negative pressure in the thoracic cavity (chest cavity). This pressure allows the blood to be pulled into the major veins in the chest, improving the venous return to the heart (Iworx.com, 2020). This increases the amount of blood entering the right side of the heart, resulting in more blood to be pumped out of the heart (Iworx.com, 2020). This results in a higher heart rate. contrastingly, during exhalation as the diaphragm relaxes, the pressure become less negative in the thoracic cavity. This results in a decrease of venous return. Hence, the heart rate decreases as less blood enters the heart. Hence, when measuring and recording the heart rate every 30 seconds, the individual may be inhaling or exhaling, resulting in a rise of heart rate or a lower heart rate for every measuring interval. There are several factors that impact the respiratory rate (breathing rate), such as age, gender, size and weight, smoking habits and excitement levels. An individual’s respiratory rate is approximately 12 to 20 breaths per minute, resulting in this experiment for the individual to roughly have respired 24 to 40 breaths in 2 minutes CITATION Cle19 \l 3081 (Cleveland Clinic, 2019). This would significantly impact the heart rate as an individual is constantly respiring, causing scatter and decreasing the precision of the data gathered.
One of the potential systematic errors that may be present throughout the experiment is the physical conditions of the individual. Physical conditions such as obesity, emotional state, and medications can affect the heart rate of the individual. Medications such as beta blockers often reduce the heart rate of an individual. Beta blockers (beta-adrenergic blocking agents) are drugs that block the binding of norepinephrine and epinephrine onto the beta receptors on nerves (MedicineNet, 2020). These two hormones are produced by nerves in the body and by adrenal glands. They also serve as neurotransmitters where they are produced or when they are released into the blood (MedicineNet, 2020).. Beta blockers usually block the receptors of ?1 and ?2 reducing the effects of norepinephrine and epinephrine (MedicineNet, 2020). ?1 are the receptors that are located in the heart, eyes, and kidneys, while ?2 are the receptors found int the lungs, liver, blood vessels, gastrointestinal tract, skeletal muscle, and the uterus (MedicineNet, 2020). The blocking of these hormones reduce the heart rate as the blood vessels dilate and constrict air passages through the stimulation of the muscles that surround those air passages, resulting them to contract (MedicineNet, 2020). Hence, if the individual was on drugs, it would increase or decrease the heart rate, depending on the drug or medication, from the true value of the individuals heart rate without the effect of drugs. This would skew the graph higher or lower, depending on the drugs effect on the heart rate, reducing the accuracy of the data gathered, as it would affect all trials equally. This is a realistic systematic error as 1 in 5 teenagers have abused prescription medications, stated by the Centers for Disease Control, 21 percent of high school students have reported to have used marijuana within the past month, stated by the National Institute of Drug Abuse CITATION Jef19 \l 3081 (Juergens, 2019)One of the limitations of this experiment is that the time frame required to completely finish the practical was not within the time that was given to complete. Hence, the practical was completed on two different days. Half the practical was done on one day and the other was done the next day. This is a limitation as different environmental changes, such as light intensity and temperature, and diet could have varied from one day to the next. This would have decreased the precision of the data as these factors would have changed, and cause scatter within the data gathered. This can be improved by increasing the time given to complete the practical as this would increase the precision of the data, which then would increase the reliability. Another limitation is that the music tempo was not consistent throughout the time intervals of the song, resulting in slightly higher and lower tempos at different times, causing scatter, decreasing the precision, which decreases the reliability of the results. This can be improved by conducting several more trials with different songs with the same tempo. This would increase the precision, hence, increasing the reliability.


This Nursing Assignment has been solved by our Nursing Experts at My Uni Paper. Our Assignment Writing Experts are efficient to provide a fresh solution to this question. We are serving more than 10000+Students in Australia, UK & US by helping them to score HD in their academics. Our Experts are well trained to follow all marking rubrics & referencing style.
    
Be it a used or new solution, the quality of the work submitted by our assignment Experts remains unhampered. You may continue to expect the same or even better quality with the used and new assignment solution files respectively. There’s one thing to be noticed that you could choose one between the two and acquire an HD either way. You could choose a new assignment solution file to get yourself an exclusive, plagiarism (with free Turnitin file), expert quality assignment or order an old solution file that was considered worthy of the highest distinction.