Emotion Regulation With Music in Depressed and Non-Depressed Individuals - Arts & Humanities Assignment Help

Assignment Task

Abstract
Music is often used for regulating emotions in everyday life and could have both beneficial and harmful effects on emotional health. Depression is associated with impaired emotion-regulation skills, but few studies have examined whether such impairments apply to a musical context also. The aim of the present study was thus to compare depressed and non- depressed individuals with regard to their use of music for emotion regulation in everyday life. Seventy-seven listeners (19–65 years old) filled out a brief questionnaire, which measured emotion regulation in terms of the prevalence of various regulation goals, strategies, and mechanisms. The overall results indicated that the most frequent goal was to enhance positive emotions. Discharge was the most frequently used strategy and suppression was the least frequently used. A range
of causal mechanisms were reported to occur. Contrary to our hypotheses, there were few differences between depressed and non-depressed listeners.

Depression and Emotion Regulation
Depression is a highly prevalent psychiatric disorder, with rates increasing during recent years, and with major implications for the individual and society (Gotlib & Hammen, 2014). Besides the negative consequences on the patient’s mental health and quality of life, depression is associated with physical health problems, difficulties in workplace productivity, interpersonal problems, high mortality rates and large societal economic costs (Kessler et al., 2014).

Procedure
The emotion regulation questionnaire was administered directly after a brief listening test, which is reported separately (Sakka & Juslin, 2017). The participants also filled

out the BDI-II, the BAI, and a brief questionnaire with regard to demographic variables (e.g., age, gender, music preferences, music education, musical training, use of psychotropic medication, psychotherapy, possible diagnoses). All participants provided informed consent at the beginning of the session.

Results - Regulation goals
The mean ratings for goals, strategies, and mechanisms, respectively. In order to evaluate whether the ratings varied as a function of regulation goal and depression, we computed a mixed analysis of variance (ANOVA), with regulation goal as the within-subjects factor (four levels: R-PE, R-NE, E-PE, E-NE), and group as the between-subjects factor (two levels: depressed vs. controls).

Mauchly’s test indicated that the assumption of sphericity was violated, w2 (5) 1⁄4 48.76, p < .001, so we corrected degrees of freedom using Greenhouse-Geisser estimates of sphericity (ε 1⁄4 .68).

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