Energy Optimization for Electric Vehicles Using Dynamic Programming - Engineering Assignment Help

Assignment Task

Abstract—Electric vehicles (EVs) are one of the key technolgies for a sustainable mobility, reducing fuel consumption and traffic related emissions. Until today the energy density of the traction battery is low compared to fossil fuels, resulting in a limited range of EVs. Therefore, an optimization of the overall energy consumption of an electric vehicle is crucial. This paper proposes an optimized velocity planning methodology able to find the best trajectory with minimal energy consumption for a desired driving route. To perform this optimization a simplified vehicle model and dynamic programming algorithm is implemented. A prescribed driving route is divided into equidistant steps and a range of acceptable speed is defined. The algorithm determines the optimal speed for each step, minimising an optimal control criterion regarding energy-consumption under constrains on the battery state and travelling time.

INTRODUCTION

The current development of the transportation system is driven by environmental concerns and the depletion of fossil fuels. Compared to conventional combustion vehicles the use of electric vehicles can provide a sustainable individual mobility since renewable energy sources can be utilized. The comparable simple drive train topology and scalability of components allows the application in various types of vehicles of all sizes. Electric vehicles don’t need any gasoline and have no local emissions. Figure 1 shows the main components of the electric drive train of a typical battery electric vehicle. The shown structure consists of a traction battery, the onboard-charger, inverter and the electric machine. The use of one central electric machine is the most cost effective solution and featured in nearly every EV currently available, like the Peugeot Ion, BMW i3 or Nissan Leaf. The traction battery consists of multiple lithiumion-cells connected in series to achieve voltages.

Topology of the drivetrain components within a typical battery electric vehicle (BEV) and 600V as well as the battery management system (BMS) to monitor battery status and health and to determine the state of charge (SOC). The inverter converts the DC Voltage of the battery into AC voltage with variable amplitude and frequency for propulsion. During regenerative braking, the inverter serves as a rectifier to store electric energy in the traction battery.

Permanent magnet synchronous machines are used for propulsion due to the high efficiency and power density. A field oriented control (FOC) is used to control torque and rotational speed of the machine, implemented in the machine control algorithms of the inverter, as well as in the simulation model of machine and inverter.

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