Engineering - Water-Sealed Vacuum Pump - Laboratory Report Writing Assignment Help

Assignment Task:

Summary
The construction and operation of a water-sealed rotary-vane vacuum pump was studied. The pump was used to evacuate a vacuum receiver. There was a large decrease in pumping capacity as the system pressure fell: 200 L/min at 50 kPa absolute but only 50 L/min at 15 kPa absolute. This behaviour is typical of a positive displacement pump such as this.

Introduction
Many industrial processes are conducted at reduced pressure. Major pump types include rotary, reciprocating and steam-jet ejection. The Nash-Hytor pump is a common rotary vane type which uses a liquid seal to virtually eliminate metallic frictional problems. Both wet gas and gases containing slugs of liquid can be handled efficiently. (Perry, 1973: 6-32). The key equations used in the overall work should be included in this section.

Apparatus and Experimental Method
The pump was part of a vacuum system (Davies and Prince, 1999). The receiver was evacuated by the pump and the exit air stream was measured by a rotameter.

To ensure safety whilst dismantling the pump, the starter switch to the motor was locked out before commencing work. The pump was dismantled using the methods outlined in the laboratory notes (Davies and Prince, 1999).

After reassembling the pump, the vacuum receiver was evacuated and pump performance (litres pumped per minute) was recorded as a function of system pressure.

Results and Discussion:
The pump performance is summarised in Table 1. The tabulated values are the average of three sets of observations. Pumping rates varied by less than 5 litres/min at each observation.

You might be asked to plot the outlet pressure as a function of flow rate as a figure.

Why did the pressure decrease with increasing flow rate? What is the physical reason, based on the design of the pump, for this?

Answer any other questions on the briefing sheet.

Conclusions
Write all of the relevant conclusions that you make. A conclusion might be described as something which would indicate what further action is required in this project.

The vacuum obtained varied with the pump rate, with the best vacuums being obtained with the lowest rates. It appears for our application that the rates of pumping will deliver the vacuum that we require. A back-up vacuum pump might be an appropriate addition to the plant for maintenance and shut-down purposes.

Academic Formatting: Scientific Reports

Neat and professional formatting is important if you want to communicate your results to others and it should be taken seriously. This document has standard academic style guides as well as some common mistakes found when we have marked reports in the previous CHNG2801/9201. Nevertheless, it is hard to recommend one particular style guide because a lot of it is down to personal preference. Here are some tips that we would like to share with you.

1. General formatting
You need to make sure that the report is readable. Unless otherwise specified, you should use a minimum of font size 11 points, 1.15 multiple line spacing and 6 points inter paragraph spacing. The top and bottom margins should be 3 cm and 2.5 cm on both sides. You should ensure that your report presents well including providing sufficient whitespace. You may wish to use a larger font and paragraph spacing. In body text you can only use one font. Times New Roman, Arial and Calibri are the most commonly used ones. You need to justify body text, because aligning left may be messy and look less professional.

Other common issues:
a. Abbreviations and acronyms: Unless they are common, define then on the first appearance, e.g. net positive suction head (NPSH).

b. Capitalisation:
o Bernoulli’s equation, Newton’s equation of motion (a person’s name)
o Newtonian, Coulombic, Gaussian, Hamiltonian (derived from a person’s name)
o force is measured in Newtons (units are capitalised if they are proper nouns, including degrees Celsius)
o Second Law of Thermodynamics, General Theory of Relativity
o magnesium, calcium (chemical elements and compounds are not capitalised)

c. Numbers
o Small numbers: 0.05, not .05.
o Big numbers: 1.234 ? 105, not 12.34 ? 104 or 1.234e5 or 1.234 × 105.
o Whole numbers less than 10: best written out, e.g., there are three cases, not 3 cases.

d. Units
o All scientific quantities must be in italic, and all units must be in upright font. The latter includes the mu for micro.
o There must always be a small, nonbreaking space between numbers and units.
o Example: g = 9.81 m s-2, dsp = 3.0 μm.

2. Figures
Some software is available to plot figures with high quality, such as Excel and Matlab. If you use Matlab for plotting, make sure that the file is saved as .emf or .tif file (not .jpeg or .png). Those vector graphics ensure high resolution. After inserting figures into the text, ensure that the axes are readable (should be in the same font as the body text). All rules mentioned above apply to figures, tables and equations. Too many colours on figures may be distracting. Do not use red and green to distinguish two things in a figure, because red-green colour blindness is very common. In fact, the safest way is to use dash/dotted lines, different shading, etc. instead of using colours. For PFD or P&ID, do not hand-draw figures and scan them, but instead use a digital tool such as Microsoft Visio (available on most university computers, or through the university Citrix Receiver:

Other important aspects of professionally formatted figures:

• No title
• No grid lines
• Use different markers/lines to delineate different data sets
• All borderlines
• Major and minor axis markers
• Includes a legend when necessary
• Informative figure caption BELOW the figure

All figures, tables and equations must be referenced in the text in the order that they appear. Using cross-referencing is important, and it makes your life a lot easier when you have many figures. It can auto-number and auto-update figure captions, as well as in-text references. If you do not know how to use it, there are many tutorial videos online that teach you how to create and insert cross-referencing in Microsoft Word.

5. Appendix
Do not neglect to format your appendix, it is an important part of a report and allows you to provide addition information, raw data and sample calculations that may not be appropriate to include in the body of the report. All appendices should be adequately labelled so that you can easily cross-reference them in the text. In professional reports, there should be no hand-written appendices, or direct screenshots from excel, even for raw data.

When including calculations, there is no need to show every calculation, simply showing a sample calculation and a summary table is sufficient.

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