Genomics of Periodontal Disease and Tooth Morbidity

Assignment Task

Introductions

The existence of innate susceptibility and heritability of oral health and disease traits is well‐established. In fact, scholarly work discuss‐ ing possible hereditary components of dental caries was published as early as the 1920s.1 It was several decades later, and as a result of continued progress in the basic sciences, breakthroughs in the supporting technologies, and substantial investments in effort and resources, that dentistry began to enter the “genome era”. The first genome‐wide association studies of periodontitis and dental car‐ ies were published in 20102 and 2011,3 respectively. Nevertheless, other lines of research (including investigations among twins and families, and many candidate‐gene studies) have helped to build a solid case for the putative role of genetic factors in periodontal dis‐ ease and dental caries. 

Periodontal Disease

The genome‐wide association study of aggressive periodontitis re‐ ported by Schaefer et al2 marked the field's entry into the genome era. In that study, the investigators discovered and subsequently replicated the association of rs1537415, located in the glycosyltrans‐ ferase gene (GLT6D1), with aggressive periodontitis. More recently, Sanders et al23 reported a significant association of a relatively rare TSNAX‐DISC1 noncoding RNA polymorphism (rs149133391) with chronic periodontitis among Hispanic/Latino people and sub‐ sequently replicated it among an independent sample of African‐ Americans. Other studies24-29 have implicated numerous loci without reaching genome‐wide statistical significance levels and/or demonstrating replication in an independent cohort. For example, a recent study among a small Italian population reported associations between EFCAB4B polymorphisms (rs242016 showing the strongest evidence of association) and localized periodontitis.

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