Global Health Report - NUR368 - Health Assignment Help

Assignment Task

Introduction
A non-communicable disease is not channeled directly from one person to another and impacts the quality of life (Coates et al., 2020). The non-communicable diseases prevalent in the United States are cancer, cardiovascular disorder, diabetes, diet, lack of proper diet, lack of appropriate physical activities, and respiratory illness (Heller et al., 2019). According to the U.S. government and Global Non-Communicable disease, the top three non-communicable diseases which affect the population include diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and respiratory illness. It is determined that the prevalence of diabetes is highest in the southern and Appalachian states and the Northeast and Midwest of America (Coates et al., 2020). At present, almost 34.2 million individuals residing in the United States have diabetes which means every 1 in 10 individuals is affected with diabetes.
Similarly, it is also reported that 90 to 95% of the individual has diabetes and the individual above the age of 45 years has the highest prevalence of suffering from diabetes in the United States. On the other hand, almost 7.3% of people residing in the United States are found to be undiagnosed with diabetes (Liu et al., 2020). The following paper will discuss the prevalence, burden, impact of diabetes upon an individual. The study will also compare the prevalence of diabetes in the United States with Australia.

Discussion of Global health challenge:
It has been reported that Diabetes is one of the leading global health challenges that develop severe conditions among the population and increase the risk of developing various other diseases, including cardiovascular disease and kidney failure.  The development of Diabetes can be considered to be a top 10 disease that results in global death and needs effective intervention or preventive measures to overcome the challenging situation (Bullard et al., 2018). The development of diabetes is considered to be one of the global challenges because it enhances the risk of early death and increases the chance of developing various commodities, and diabetes-related complications are found to impact the quality of the patient's life, and thereby provide a negative impact upon the patient—the consequences of long-term diabetes impacts upon the individual, the health care system along with the nation. The development of diabetes impacts the economic condition of the state. The patients belonging to poor social-economic classes face difficulty in assessing proper care and thereby increasing complications, impacts the quality of life, and ultimately results in distress (Mobasseri et al., 2020). On the other hand, it is a national health problem, and the disease triggers the development of permanent disability, and increases the mortality rate. Similarly, the patient who has diabetes increases the economic burden and social pressure, which reduces the quality of life. It can be considered a worldwide epidemic that triggers the development of various other diseases, including cardiovascular disease, higher prevalence of stroke, kidney disorder, nerve damage, and leg amputation (Pettus et al., 2019). 
According to the WHO's report, currently, almost 422 million people residing worldwide have Diabetes, and the majority of the patients belong to middle- and lower-income countries.  It is evident that almost 1.6 million deaths were reported among patients who have Diabetes (Blonde et al., 2018).  Every year, the prevalence of diabetes is found to increase. It requires proper preventive and quality care, which will help lower the chance of developing complications and reduce the global burden of diabetes. The rate of diabetic patients will increase by 11% by the year 2045. Hence, proper demographic screening and health literacy must be provided to the community to increase the awareness and self-management of diabetes (Who. int, 2021). 

Diabetes in the United States:
According to CDC, after adjusting the age, in the year 2016, the individual above the age of 20 was diagnosed with diabetes, and the rate is found to increase from 2004 till 2016 which was 1.5 % to 33%. In the median countries, the prevalence of diagnosed diabetes increased from 7.8% to 13.1 % from the year 2004 to 2016.  Similarly, according to the database data, it is evident that almost 18,291 adolescents and children younger than 20 years are found to be suffering from Type 1 diabetes and children between the age of 10 years to 19 years are found to be suffering from type 2 diabetes with the rate of 5,758. The report also states that in the years 2002-2010, the children belonging to the Hispanic community had the largest significant increase in the rate of Type 1 Diabetes in comparison to other ethnic groups.  Similarly, in 2011-2015, the Pacific Islander and non-Hispanic children had the highest rate of Type 1 Diabetes.  Hence, in this case, the data determined that from the entire period of 2002 until 2015, the overall rate of Diabetes is found to have increased in the United States and the rate varied accordingly by ethnicity (Ali et al., 2019).
Health Outcomes due to Diabetes in the United States:
Rowley et al. (2017) performed the study for determining the insight of Diabetes in the year 2030. The study highlighted that Diabetes is one of the major causes of the health crisis prevalent in America despite practical prevention efforts and medical advancement. The study highlighted that the prevalence of both type 1 and type 2 diabetes will increase by 54%, indicating that almost 54.9 million Americans between the years 2015 to 2030 will have diabetes. The study highlighted that the annual death rate is found to have increased by 38%, which indicates almost 385,800.  The cost of medical care has increased by 53%, which indicates that the cost will be increased by $622 billion by the year 2030. The study also highlighted that it is essential to improve the management to lower the annual incidence of premature death and the development of various morbidities related to diabetes over time.  Proper management is required to lower the chance of developing chronic disease.
It enhances the treatment cost, resulting in a high burden for the individual belonging to the poor and deprived background.  It is also determined that the cost of diabetic care increases due to the innovation of specialized drugs that are sometimes affordable for the individual belonging to the community (Pulleyblank et al., 2021). This lack of proper access towards quality care and advanced drugs by all the community creates a gap in the healthcare system that increases the prevalence of both prediabetic and diabetic conditions, thereby increasing the economic burden of the disease.  The government must implement a proper diagnostic plan and collaborative team to achieve optimal health by the population, thereby reducing the chance of non-adherence to the treatment process as lack of proper continuation of diabetic treatment triggers the development of various complications, thereby affecting the quality of life. Lin et al. (2020) stated that according to the trend of diabetes analysis, almost the individuals with a lack of proper behavior such as inappropriate diet, lower physical activity, and excessive smoking increases the risk of developing Diabetes. The study also stated that the United States belongs to the top five countries where the prevalence is higher. It is also stated that the incidence of type 1 diabetes is also high among the lower- and middle-income countries. The individual belonging to the lower socioeconomic class faces challenges in terms of food, transportation, and physical activity, which increases the risk of developing Diabetes.

Diabetes in Australia and health outcomes:
Similarly, it is reported that in Australia, almost 1.2 million people have Diabetes (AHIW, 2021).  It has been reported that the condition of Diabetes will rise to 3 million in the upcoming 25 years as the individual is found to lead a sedentary lifestyle. The rate of obesity is also high in Australia, which triggers the development of Diabetes and hence creating a comprehensive burden upon the population. Several programs have been initiated to eradicate the higher prevalence of Diabetes among the individual. The individual residing in Australia with a family history of Diabetes, above the age of 55, an individual with an overweight condition, and the individual suffering from high blood pressure is found to be suffering from Diabetes which deteriorates the quality of life. The prevalence of type 2 diabetes in Australia is higher in men than in females. Australia ranked seventh highest in the prevalence of Type 1 Diabetes among children between 0 to 14 years.  The impact of the Australian population is also high as it increases the risk of developing various complications such as affected eyes, kidneys, cardiovascular disorder, long-term damage in the eyes, effect in lower Limbs and 15% of the Australian adult was found to be suffering from in kidney disorder which can be regarded as one of the most devastating complications of diabetes.  The risk of Diabetes among the Australian population increased the prevalence of cardiovascular disease and enhanced the mortality rate of the people.  The long-term condition impacts the Australian's psychological well-being, which increases the risk of developing distress, depression, stress, and burnout and requires a proper coping strategy. On the other hand, indigenous Australians are found to be suffering from diabetes almost three times higher than non-indigenous community people.  The primary reason behind the high prevalence of diabetes among the indigenous people includes lack of proper knowledge about managing the condition of diabetes, lack of proper awareness related to dietary and medication adherence, poor socioeconomic status, and discrimination inaccessibility towards quality services (Huo et al., 2016). 

Hence, in this case, it is determined that both in Australia and the United States, a proper behavioural intervention needs to be implemented by the health care professional, which will help in increasing self-knowledge in managing the diet and physical activity.  Early screening is mandatory in both countries, which will help detect the risk of developing diabetes in the early stage and thereby eradicating the development of adverse effects.  Free services need to be provided to the patient belonging to a poor socioeconomic background which will help close the gap of accessibility towards other services by the people belonging to the social-economic class (Hall et al., 2016).  Proper surveillance and follow-up of each patient enrolled in the health care organization needs to be done by the health caregiver to reduce the burden of the disease and lower the chance of developing severe complications. Special attention must be provided to the people belonging to Hispanic, non-Hispanic individuals of the United States, and aboriginal people of Australia in terms of early diagnosis, providing free support, involving the individual in various community campaigns, and lastly providing proper food security, which will help in reducing the chance of developing adverse effects (Mudaliar et al., 2016).

Conclusion:
The above paper discussed diabetes in the United States and Australia. At present, almost 34.2 million individuals residing in the United States are found to be suffering from Diabetes which means every 1 in 10 individual is found to be suffering from diabetes in this region. Similarly, it is also reported that 90 to 95% of the individual is suffering from diabetes. In Australia, almost 1.2 million people were found to be suffering from diabetes.  It has been reported that the condition of diabetes will rise to 3 million in the upcoming 25 years as the individual is found to lead a sedentary lifestyle. Lastly, the paper discussed strategies that can be implemented for lowering the prevalence of Diabetes.

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