GV900: Load the “world” Dataset (world.csv), and Store it as an Object - IT Assignment Help

Assignment Task:

Task:

1. Load the “world” dataset (world.csv), and store it as an object named world.data.
2. The data set contains a dummy variable (i.e., a nominal variable with two categories) named oecd that classifies countries into two groups, OECD member countries and non- member countries. One way to describe and summarize the information contained in a nominal variable is to describe the distribution numerically. As we learned during the past weeks, we describe the distribution of a nominal variable numerically by creating a frequency table. Create a frequency table of this variable and store it into a data frame object ft.oecd. The table has to have three columns: values (initially called “Var1”), frequency (called “Freq”), and percentage (should be called “Percentage”). Change the column name of the first column to “OECD Member?”.

3. According to the frequency table you created above,

(A) how many countries in the data set are OECD members?

(B) How many countries in the data set are not?

(C) What percentage of countries are OECD members?

(D) What percentage of countries are non- members? Give me four answers (four numbers) as a comment. Note: for this task, you1 don’t need an R command. Just read the table and tell me the numbers. Don’t forget to comment them out.

4. Another way to describe and summarize a nominal variable is to draw a frequency distri- bution graph. For nominal variables, we draw a bar chart. Using the functions available in the ggplot2 package (e.g., geom bar), draw a bar chart of the dummy variable that measures OECD membership.

• Hint 1: Don’t forget to load the package using the library function. It’s usually a good idea to do so at the beginning of your R code file.
• Hint 2: Don’t forget to change the axis labels using the xlab and ylab options. The appropriate label for the X axis would be “OECD membership”, whereas the label for the Y axis could be “Number of countries”.

5. List three countries that are coded as OECD member states. List three countries that are non-democratic according to the democracy dummy variable. Note: Again, you don’t need a command for this one; I only need six country names.

6. The data set contains a numerical variable (interval-level variable) named gdp 10 thou that records a country’s per capita GDP in 10,000 US dollars. Note that this variable measures per capita GDP in 10,000 dollars, not in dollars. This means that, when this variable takes a value of 4, for example, then that country’s per cpaita GDP is 40,000 dollars, not 4 dollars. Describe this variable numerically by calculating the following statistics:

• Range (minimum and maximum), median, mean, 1st and 3rd quartile values (Hint: this can be done at once with one command)
• Standard deviation (Hint: you need to take care of missing values using the na.rm option)
Note: You need to provide R commands, not just numerical answers for this one.

7. It appears that the mean and the median of this per capita GDP variable are far apart: the mean is 6,018 dollars whereas the median is 1,897 dollars. Given that the mean is much higher than the median, the distribution of this variable is very skewed (i.e., not symmetric). In which way does the skew go? Answer this question by choosing between two options: (A) negatively skewed (skewed to the left) or (B) positively skewed (skewed to the right). Note: Give me your answer in words, not in R commands.

8. Describe this per capita GDP variable graphically by drawing a histogram.

• Hint: Don’t forget to change the axis labels using the xlab and ylab options. The appropriate label for the X axis would be “Per capita GDP (in 10,000 US dollars)”, whereas the label for the Y axis could be “Number of countries”.

9. There are two countries in the data set whose per capita GDP is greater than 40,000 US dollars. Identify these two countries. For this task, I need an R command that gives us the name of the two countries. Your command will probably generate the <NA> symbols (14 of them), along with the name of the two countries, but that’s fine.

10. We have calculated the sample mean of this per capita GDP variable in task 6. We have also calculated its standard deviation. We also know from task 6 that there are 14 observations (countries) where this variable is missing, so we have 191 (total number of countries in the data set) −14 = 177 observations (i.e., n = 177). Therefore, we have all the building blocks to calculate the standard error of the mean. Calculate the standard 2 error (the answer should be 0.07091015). Note that I need R commands, not just the numerical answer.

11. Using the calculated standard error and the mean value, construct the 95 % confidence interval of the sample mean of gdp 10 thou. For this, I need both R commands and the numerical answer.

12. Draw histograms of per capita GDP variable, one for democracies and the other for non- democracies.

• Hint 1: Use the democ regime variable to classify the countries into democracies and non-democracies.

• Hint 2: Use the facet wrap option. For this task, you may actually have three histograms (No, Yes, and NA), and that’s OK. We will correct it below. 13. We find (I mean, I find) a few things about this graph unsatisfactory. First, it is a little bit aesthetically unpleasing that we have a blank graph on the far right. This happens because there are missing values. Second, the labels “No” and “Yes” are not intuitive at all (readers can’t know what “Yes” and “No” mean simply by looking at the graph). So let’s now fix these two things. Create a new data frame named dem.gdp that excludes those rows where the democ regime variable is missing. Use the is.na function for this. Then, create a new variable dem.dum within this new data set, which has two nominal values, “Democracy” and “Autocracy”, instead of “Yes” and “No”. Then, recreate the histograms you drew in 12. It should look like the following:

Autocracy Democracy

0 1 2 3 4 5 0 1 2 3 4 5
0
10
20
30

Per capita GDP (in 10,000 US dollars)

Number of countries

14. The graph above appears to suggest that democracies tend to have higher per capita GDP. Let’s document this relationship by calculating the mean value of per capita GDP for each group. In doing so, report the 95 % confidence intervals as well. For task 14, calculate the mean of per capita GDP for democracies, along with the 95 % confidence interval. Please provide both the commands as well as the results (numbers).

15. Similarly, calculate the mean of per capita GDP for autocracies (non-democracies), along with the 95 % confidence interval.

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