Health - Examining Health Care Advice and Attitudes to E-cigarettes in the UK - Literature Review Assessment Answer

Health - Examining Health Care Advice and Attitudes to E-cigarettes in the UK - Literature Review Assessment Answer

Task:

Introduction to the topic
Although electronic nicotine delivery systems, commonly known as e-cigarettes, have been sold in the UK for a number of years, there is little evidence with regards to safety and impact on health. Furthermore, products were completely unregulated leading up to May 2016 at which point the UK was estimated to have more than 2.6 million e-cigarette users. It has also been estimated that more than 10% of the UK population have tried an e-cigarette (Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency, 2016; Stobbs, Lillis and Kumar, 2016; Kastaun et al., 2017) .

These devices work by heating propylene glycol or glycerine using a battery-powered atomiser which produces a nicotine-based vapour. Devices vary in shapes and sizes from the design of traditional cigarettes to mimicking shapes of other familiar products such as pens and USB- sticks. While there are still conflicting literature regarding safety and efficiency, it has been shown that e-cigarette advertising has a strong effect on attitudes in the general population (Pokhrel et al., 2016; Stobbs, Lillis and Kumar, 2016)
E-cigarette are frequently advertised to consumers as having a lower health risk and therefore a safer substitute for conventional cigarettes. It is also sold as a method of smoking cessation, particularly aimed at those who have found it challenging to stop using other methods. Some studies have found concerning levels of nicotine, including tin, iron, silver, nickel, aluminium and silicate, identified carcinogens and highlighted the potential explosive hazards pointing to the lack of regulation as the main factor (Pokhrel et al., 2016; Stobbs, Lillis and Kumar, 2016) .
The lack of guidance therefore means that health care professionals are often left to make recommendations and provide advice based on whatever information they have available. The attitudes of health care providers towards the use of e-cigarettes therefore becomes very important. A study of online information communicated to patients showed that patients wanted to know about specific side effects and harms, general safety, e-cigarettes for smoking cessation and harms relative to cigarettes. An analysis of the answers provided showed that 61% of responses regarding e-cigarettes were positive. An assessment of health care providers knowledge of e-cigarettes showed that attitudes are similar across different medical specialities and professions. The study further showed that only 21% of nurses and doctors felt sufficiently competent to give advice on e-cigarette use although 81% has been asked by patients. A similar study from Greece has shown that 45% of doctors considered e-cigarettes equally addictive and 24% more harmful than cigarettes. In the USA, 61% of doctors in one study recommended the use of e-cigarettes for smoking cessation (Kollath-Cattano et al., 2016; Moysidou et al., 2016; Sherratt, Newson and Field, 2016; Drouin et al., 2017)

This project sets out to answer the following question:
 How does attitudes towards e-cigarettes shape advice given by health professionals in the UK compared to other countries?

Q1 – Does the advice provided reflect the scientific literature available?
Q2 – Does the attitudes of health care providers on e-cigarettes influence the advice given?
Q3 – Does the advice provided to the UK population differ to advice given in other countries?
Q4 – Has the advice provided changed over time?

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