Human Physiology II Basic Renal Processes - Medical Science Assignment Help

Assignment Task

Answer Each question in the relevant section of the Answersheet provided. Questions are:-

Q1. List and briefly describe the 3 basic renal processes that result in urine formation.

Q2. In the kidneys, when the Renin- Angiotensin-System (RAS) pathway is stimulated as a result of decreased blood pressure, the signal molecule Angiotensin II (ANG II) is activated and it acts on multiple targets. List the targets and describe the responses that occur when ANG II binds to receptors on the target cells.

Q3. The cytotoxic T-lymphocytes have antigen-specific receptors on their membrane and must be in contact with the target cell to produce actions. Once they contact target cells what actions occur?

Q4. During fertilisation, fusion of a sperm with the oocyte membrane triggers a chemical reaction, called the cortical reaction. What is the cortical reaction?

Q5. When blood pressure increases, the baroreceptor reflex is activated, and also kidney response pathways are activated. Which pathway acts faster to achieve a decrease in blood pressure- baroreceptor or kidneys? Explain your answer.

Q6. Osmolarity of ECF is maintained at approximately 300 mOsM. Osmolarity of kidney tubule filtrate exiting the Loop of Henle (nephron loop) is approximately 100 mOsM. This condition plays an important role in facilitating the conservation of water in the body when required. Once the kidney tubules have received a message to conserve water, explain the mechanism via which water conservation occurs.

Q7. What is the role of vasopressin in controlling water balance in the body? List the stimuli that control vasopressin release from the posterior pituitary gland, and indicate the type and location of the receptors that detect these stimuli? If plasma osmolarity decreaseswhat effect does this have on vasopressin release?

Q8. Consider the following equation CO2 + H2O ? H2CO3 ? H + + HCO3 - . Referring to the equation, describe the respiratory response to metabolic acidosis.

Q9. Consider the following equation CO2 + H2O ? H2CO3 ? H + + HCO3 - . Referring to the equation- Explain how the condition known as Respiratory Acidosis occurs.

Q10. What is the Hepatic Portal System, and what is it’s function?

Q11. Consider hormone changes during the ovarian cycle. Where is oestrogen produced? What are the feedback effects of oestrogen production on the secretion of luteinizing hormone (LH) in the follicular phase? What are the feedback effects of oestrogen and progesterone combined on the secretion of luteinising hormone (LH) during the luteal phase of an ovarian cycle.

Q 12. Use negative feedback control theory to EXPLAIN the regulation of plasma glucose levels in response to an INCREASE in plasma glucose. Make sure you use generic physiological language to describe each step of the reflex pathway. ( for example- Stimulus = etc.. ) Also make sure you provide enough detail regarding what is happening at each step.

Q13. Explain in words the integrated homeostatic response to ingesting salt without also drinking water, hence resulting in an increase in plasma osmolarity. Give a detailed explanation of what happens at each step of the response pathways.

Q14. Consider fat digestion and absorption in the small intestine… what is a chylomicron and how is it transported out of the enterocyte and ultimately into the bloodstream.

Q15. Consider negative feedback control of cortisol release along the HPA pathway. Which components are involved in the short feedback loop and which are involved in the long feedback loop?

Q16. What are the 3 major roles of inflammation?

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