India's Life Expectancy Trends (2010-2021) Assignment

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Assignment Task

Question 1 

The table below lists India’s male and female life expectancy at birth for the period 2010-2021.

Year       Male      Female

2010       65.72     67.73

2011       66.12     68.22

2012       66.49     68.68

2013       66.84     69.11

2014       67.17     69.49

2015       67.47     69.84

2016       67.75     70.14

2017       68.00     70.43

2018       68.24     70.69

2019       68.46     70.95

2020       68.68     71.20

2021       68.22     66.20

(a) Draw the time series and plot of the two sets of exponentially smoothing values (w=0.3) and (w=0.8) for both sexes and determine which exponentially smoothed values are better 

(b) Give 3 reasons why females have a greater life expectancy than males in India, and compared with 2019, why did life expectancy for both sexes drop in 2021? 

Question 2

A large hospital in Nepal followed-up men with prostate cancer for 11 years. The data is summarised in two tables below, differentiating patients according to treatment status (With and without chemotherapy) and providing the necessary information to calculate survival probabilities.

Table 1: Patents with chemotherapy

Years

Number at risk

Death

Censored

Survival

Survival probability

1

197

1

15

 

 

2

 

3

21

 

 

3

 

6

23

 

 

4

 

1

21

 

 

5

 

3

29

 

 

6

 

0

11

 

 

7

 

3

5

 

 

8

 

1

16

 

 

9

 

0

9

 

 

10

 

0

11

 

 

11

 

1

17

 

 

 

Table 2: Patents without chemotherapy

Years

Number at risk

Death

Censored

Survival

Survival probability

1

103

0

5

 

 

2

 

8

7

 

 

3

 

7

6

 

 

4

 

2

5

 

 

5

 

4

17

 

 

6

 

3

5

 

 

7

 

0

6

 

 

8

 

0

7

 

 

9

 

1

7

 

 

10

 

0

5

 

 

11

 

0

8

 

 

 

Calculate the survival probabilities for the two treatment groups

  • Draw a graph showing both survival probabilities?
  • Investigate the two survival probabilities curves carefully. For survival benefits, suggest whether it would be beneficial for a patient to accept chemotherapy or not? and why?
  • Compare the two groups of patients by means of a log-rank test (α=0.05; two-sided)

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