Journal of Ethnopharmacology - The Italian Diabetes - Nursing Assignment Help

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ABSTRACT
Ethnopharmacological relevance: Type 2 diabetes is the most common type of diabetes and its prevalence is rapidly increasing throughout the world. Modifications of lifestyle such as suitable diet and exercise programs along with pharmacotherapy and education of patients are beneficial therapies for patients with type 2 diabetes. The ethnopharmacological use of herbal medicines, many of them part of our diet as spices, vegetables and fruits, has been developed for the treatment of diabetes due to inexpensiveness, easy availability and few side effects.

Aim of the study: Our aim is to present a review for researchers who are interested in the biologically active dietary plants traditionally utilized in the treatment of diabetes. Materials and methods: Information was obtained from a literature search of electronic databases such as Google Scholar, Pubmed, Sci Finder and Cochrane. Common and scientific name of the fruits, vegetables, beverages, oils and spices and the words ‘antidiabetic’, ‘hypoglycemic’, ‘anti-hyperglycemic’, ‘type 2 diabetes’ were used as keywords for search.

Introduction
The prevalence of diabetes is rapidly increasing all over the world and it is now recognized as one of the major threats to human health (Ezuruike and Prieto, 2014). Worldwide, 382 million people have diabetes and the estimated figure for 2035 is 592 million (IDF, 2013). Lifestyle modifications along with pharmacotherapy and education of patients are effective therapies for patients with type 2 diabetes (Wang et al., 2013). Impaired insulin secretion and increased insulin resis- tance are the main pathophysiological features of type 2 diabetes (Ozougwu et al., 2013). Type 2 diabetes mellitus encompasses β-cell dysfunction and insulin resistance. As β-cell function declines over time, both fasting blood glucose and postprandial glucose levels begin to rise and spiral out of control (LaSalle and Berria, 2013). The effects of insulin resistance are different based on the physiological function of the tissues and organs.

Nutrition Interventions for Type 2 Diabetes in Chinese Populations: A Scoping Review

Abstract

Developing culturally appropriate diabetes nutrition interventions for immigrants could be facilitated knowing what is suc- cessful in the home country and other relevant countries. The primary purpose of this scoping review was to identify the design and delivery methods of nutrition interventions for Chinese populations with type 2 diabetes, in their home countries and as immigrants to western countries. A total of 14 articles was retrieved and included. Overall, the approaches used in China often were modelled on intensive lifestyle programs although alternative strategies were also identified. Most inter- ventions were not focussed solely on nutrition, and only a few were conducted in community settings. Most of the interven- tions were delivered in a group format, while those conducted in China also included individual counselling, particularly for nutrition. In addition, the diabetes and nutrition-related outcomes, cultural relevance and acceptability, and other factors that influenced protocol compliance were considered. Improvements in blood glucose control were observed in participants in all interventions where it was measured.

The Italian Diabetes and Exercise Study 2 (IDES-2): a long-term behavioral intervention for adoption and maintenance of a physically active lifestyle

Abstract
Background: Physical activity (PA)/exercise have become an integral part of the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). However, current guidelines are difficult to put into action in this population due to a number of barriers, especially the lack of acceptable, feasible, and validated behavioral intervention strategies. The present manuscript reports the rationale, study design and methods, and design considerations of the Italian Diabetes and Exercise Study (IDES)-2, a randomized controlled trial testing the efficacy of a behavior change strategy in increasing total daily PA and reducing sedentary time (SED-time) in patients with T2DM.

Methods/Design: Starting 7 January 2014, the IDES_2 began enrolling 300 patients with known T2DM of at least 1-year duration in three tertiary referral outpatient Diabetes Clinics in Rome. Additional requirements are age 40 to 80 years, body mass index 27 to 40 kg/m2 , sedentary lifestyle, and physically inactive for at least 6 months, ability to walk 1.6 km without assistance, and eligibility after cardiovascular evaluation. Patients are randomized by center and within each center, by age and type of diabetes treatment to either the intervention or the control group. Patients in the intervention (INT) group (n = 150) receive theoretical and practical exercise counseling consisting of aggregated behavior change techniques (one individual theoretical counseling session plus eight twice-a-week individual theoretical and practical exercise counseling sessions) once a year for 3 years. Patients in the control (CON) group (n = 150), receive standard care, including general physician recommendations for daily PA. The primary outcomes are total daily PA and SED-time, as measured objectively by the use of an accelerometer. Secondary outcomes include physical fitness, modifiable cardiovascular risk factors, musculoskeletal disturbances, well-being/depression, and health-related quality of life.

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