Knee Joint Kinetics in Response to Multiple Three-Dimensional Printed - Nursing Assignment Help

Assignment Task

1. Introduction
2 Osteoarthritis (OA) is one of the most prevalent musculoskeletal joint conditions throughout the world. In
3 the UK alone, it is estimated that more than 4.7 million people over the age of 45 years have sought
4 treatment from their general practitioner for knee osteoarthritis (1). As a weight-bearing joint the knee is
5 highly susceptible to OA, with the medial compartment of the knee joint more commonly affected. An
6 increased incidence of medial compartment knee OA (mKOA) has been attributed to the combination of
7 greater varus alignment (2) and the higher percentage of overall joint load being transmitted across the
8 medial compartment compared to the lateral compartment (approximately 70:30) (3).
9 Direct measurement of knee joint load is complex, with most in vivo contact loading studies restricted to
10 case studies, conducted using instrumented prostheses following knee replacement surgery (4–8). For
11 non-invasive studies, the knee adduction moment (KAM) is routinely adopted as a surrogate measure
12 whereby it is used to infer the dynamic load placed on the compartments of the knee (3,9,10). This
13 external moment is mainly determined by the ground reaction force vector and its lever arm to the centre
14 of the knee joint. Using this measure, increased KAMs reflect greater medial compartment loading.

FO design and manufacturing
To design the FOs first weight-bearing 3D surface scans of both feet were taken with the foot in a relaxed standing position using an Easy-Foot-Scan 3D scanner (Baltic Orthoservice UAB, Kaunas, Lithuania. The application of 3D scanners to measure characteristics of foot shape have previously demonstrated reduced measurement variability compared to a traditional neutral suspension casting technique.

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