Highlights
Task:
shah peoples began to migrate along the East Asian coast to Taiwan and the pearl giver delta in the far south. Similarities in artifacts found along the coast and at Longshan sites in northern China, such at the form and decoration ,pottery and jade items, also point to a shared sphere of culture and trade. Areltaeologists also have !Mind evidence of short-lived political organ,- limn. Although they were nothing like the dynastic systems in Egypt, Mes-opotamia, and the Indus Valley, they were wealthy.—if mcy constituted what scholars call the era of Ten Thousand States. One of them, the liattplitt, has drawn particular interest for its remarkable jade objects and its sophisticated farming techniques. The 1.1angthu grew rice and fruits and domesticated water buffalo, pigs, dogs, and sheep. Archaeolo-gists have discovered the remains of net sinkers, wooden floats, and wooden paddles, which demonstrate a familiarity with watercraft and fishing. Artisans tantishani.n.n_tMi.,,, produced a black pottery from soli paste thrown on a wheel, and like the .Ztoc.2:::,;;;;;,,..ao; Longshan, they created ritual objects from several varieties of jade. Animal ue masks and bird designs adorned many pieces, revealing a shared cosmology not painted but rather decoret-that informed the rituals of the Liangzhu elite. ea with ring, either mused In the lac third millennium BCE, a long drought hit China (as it did Egypt, 9nwe de,e,oped man me sang mcsopotamia, and India). Although the climate change limited progress and she° cuuure, end to distinctive forced migrations to more dependable habitats, the Chinese recovered early pottery l.ikie1,°'..... in the second millennium no, Now they created elaborate agrarian systems along the Yellow and YmIgzi Rivers that were similar to earlier irrigation sys-tems along the Euphrates, Indus, and Nile. Extensive trading nemorks and a stratified social hierarchy emerged; like the other river-basin complexes of Asia and North Africa, China became a centralized polity. Here, too, a powerful monarchy eventually united the independent communities. But what devel-oped in China was a social and political system that emphasized an idealized past and a tradition represented by sage-kings, which later ages emulated. In this and other ways, China diverged from the rest of Afro-Eurasia.
Life Outside the River Basins
In 3500 BCE, the vast majority of humans lived outside the complex cities that 12:E=MII emerged in parrs of Afro-Eurasia. At the other end of the spectrum, many COMPARE early urbar„,a, peoples continued to live as hunters and gatherers, or in small agricultural vii- w,,h,a way a afe In smt lager or nomadic groups. In between were worlds such as those in the Aegean, villages and among pasta Anatolia, Europe, and parts of China, where towns emerged and agriculture nomads_ advanced, but not with the leaps and bounds of the great river-basin societies. Some cultures outside the river basins—in the Mgean, Anatolia, and Europe—had a distinctive warrior-based ethos, such that the top tiers of the
Lite Outside the River Basins
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