Highlights
For each country:
1. a) Describe the demography illustrated. (1 paragraph for each)
b) Indicate where each country could lie in the Demographic Transition model. Provide reasons for your answers. (1 paragraph for each)
Don't try to guess specifically which actual country is represented by A, B, or C - there are no marks for that.
2. a) Which factors influence the IMR?
b) Why is it important to distinguish between the IMR and CDR when assessing demographic changes in a population? (1 page)
3. Read the summary of the Agarwal article, “Limitations of the Demographic Transition Model”
a) What claim does the author make? (1 sentence maximum)
b) Name three reasons presented by the author. (3 sentences maximum)
c) What evidence is presented for each reason by the author? (3 sentences maximum)
d) Is the author’s claim warranted? (2 sentences maximum)
4. Discuss migration in one area of the world through the historical, economic, political, and cultural lenses. (1 page)
Limitations of the Demographic Transition Model
The demographic transition model is a highly useful model for making educated guesses about how populations are likely to shift in the future. Rooted as it is in a wide array of real-world population trends, it is considered to be an empirical model, as it is based on actual data and observation.
However, it is just that: a model. It is not an absolute equation—it cannot reliably predict what will actually happen, and certainly cannot do so in great detail. Each country has its own set of social and cultural attributes that can heavily influence its demographics, causing them to operate differently than you might expect based solely on the DTM.
One prominent example of this unpredictability is that of Russia. You might guess that their continuing economic development would mean the country’s population would follow the patterns of the DTM. However, nearly 25 percent of men in Russia do not live past roughly age 55. This devastating reality is rooted in a number of complex and interconnected social, cultural, and economic factors. The situation is simply more complicated than the DTM could possibly predict.
Furthermore, economic development does not guarantee the kind of social changes that would lead to a reduction in birth rates. For instance, a country might experience significant economic development and industrialization without providing women with widespread access to birth control.
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