Load Flow Analysis - Engineering Assignment Help

Assignment Task -

Assignment Requirements

This is individual work and each student is required to write a report (a text maximum of 1500 words, excluding diagrams, contents, references etc.) to include copies of results and the different particulars described in sections 4 and 5. A statement to indicate your conclusions, assumptions made and the usefulness of the assignment must also be given.

It is expected that the overall standard of presentation will be high and untidy or disorganized reports will be penalized. The quality of the network model is also important. While you may work on the network model with others, the report must be your own work; you must not copy from others. Any reference material you use must be acknowledged.

Procedure

1. Before you run MATLAB package, create a single ‘Temp WorkSpace’ folder in your U drive. This folder will hold the library and network files that you create. Before you logout, make sure to copy (and backup) all your files (saved in the ‘Temp WorkSpace’ folder).

2. Run the MATLAB package from the Start menu and choose User Name as student and password as student.

The single-line diagram of a power grid is depicted by Figure 1. The data for the grid are given in the figure.

Assume an MVA base of 100 and base voltage of 13.2KV; also assume the input reactance of local power grid is 10% based on the transformer T1 . 

The input reactance of all the sources is 7% with a base same as their rating.

The system data are:

1. Transformer T1: 20 MVA, 33/13.2KV, and 10% reactance

2. Transformer T2: 20 MVA, 13.2/ 3.3 KV, and 12% reactance

3. Transformer T3: 5 MVA, 3.3/ 460 V, and 6.5% reactance

4. Transformer T4 , T5 and T6 : 2 MVA, 3.3/ 460 V, and 6.5% reactance

5. Transformer T7: 5 MVA, 3.3/ 460 V, and 6% reactance

Develop the following:

1. Per unit model for power flow studies

2. Per unit model for short-circuit studies

Load Flow Analysis

Carry out the load flow analysis for two loading conditions at the far end of the 13.2 kV feeder: 6.0 MW, representing peak demand and 0.5 MW to represent off peak demand.

1. Choose Load Flow and perform the load flow analysis. During running of the program, warnings may be displayed, as some values of the network components are not entered. Accept all the default values suggested.

2. Calculate or draw figures for the following variables:

(i)  Busbar:

Voltage (p.u.), Voltage (kV), Voltage angle (o) and Three Phase Fault level (MVA).

(ii)  Line

Real power (MW) and Reactive power (MVAr).

(iii)  For Cable, Transformer and Shunt, select the same as in (ii).

3. Comment on the results obtained with regard to the flow of active and reactive power, voltage profiles and fault levels at different parts of the system for the two loading conditions.

Unbalanced fault calculations

Use 6 MW load at the far end of the 13.2 kV feeder. 

1.  Carry out unbalanced fault calculations, as outlined below:

1. Select a solid single phase to earth fault on Bus 17 and Bus 13 and run the program. Monitor and print the fault current and the voltages (magnitude and angle) of the three phases.

2. Repeat section (4.6 i) for a solid phase to phase fault on Bus 4.

2.  For a solid earth fault on phase R conductor at Bus 4, calculate (using analytical procedure):

1. the current fed into the fault (in p.u. and in kA) and

2. the voltages of the healthy phases at Bus 4.

Ignore the effects of the resistance in the system and assume that the system is at no load before the fault occurs & Compare these results with those obtained in section 4.6 and comment on the difference.

Effect of installing a VAr compensator at the middle of the line

 A synchronous motor model (SM) is used to represent a VAr compensator. Connect this model to Busbar 2 (with 50 MVA 1.0 p.u. voltage rating, very small assigned output power (e.g. 0.1 MW) and 20 MVAr assigned “supply” reactive power. Use the impedance data X1 = 0.2 p.u., X2 = 0.12 p.u. and X0 = 0.03 p.u. Run Load Flow analysis, show and print selected results, as in section (4.5). Compare with previous results and comment. Also comment on the effect of the VAr compensator on the maximum power that can be transmitted through the line.

Distributed Generation

1.  Remove the synchronous motor and restore the original network with 6 MW load at the far end of the feeder. 

1. Connect 4 × 2 MW distributed generators (employing synchronous machines) at the far end of the 3.3 kV feeder (Busbar 8). Accept the default values for the generator and assume an Inertia constant H = 2 kWs/kVA. Select a Group Assigned Power = 6 MW and assume that the generators are operating at unity power factor. Run the load flow analysis, compare the results with those obtained in section 4.5 and comment.

2. Reduce the load at the end of the 3.3 kV feeder to 0.5 MW, run the load flow analysis, compare these results with those obtained in section 4.9(i) and comment.

3. system by its Thevenin equivalent circuit which comprises a voltage source and the line series impedance. Assuming that the voltage at the receiving-end of a line is the reference phasor, i.e.  V1 = V1∠0o,  and  that  at  the  sending-end  is  V2 = V2∠δo:

(i) Derive an expression for the active and reactive power flow through the line. Comment on the main factors that largely determine the flow of active and reactive power in the line.

(ii) Derive an expression for the voltage drop across the line and show how this voltage drop could be minimized by using reactive power (VAr) compensation. Comment on the effectiveness of VAr compensators when employed to control the voltage in Low Voltage distribution networks.

1. 2. Comment on the effects of distributed generation (mainly from renewable energy resources) on the voltage profile, fault level and power flow in distribution networks. You may refer to the expressions derived in sec. 5.1.

   3. Summarize your conclusions and the usefulness of the assignment. Include a very brief description of the means that are usually used by electricity suppliers to control voltage levels, active and reactive power flow in power networks (give one method for each). Also comment on the use of smart grid solutions to facilitate the integration of distributed generation.

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