MBY2522 - Immune Response to Vaccines - Medical Science Assignment Help

Assignment Task

Introduction
According to Brunton, (2016), immunology deals with the study of the immune system, how our body detects and defends against potential threats caused by harmful microbes such as bacteria and viruses, etc. Vaccines are specially prepared for use as to provide immunity to infections, thus putting the body at minimal risk from damage by a particular disease (Goodman and Gilman, 2012).
Vaccination stimulates the body’s ability to recognize threats and start to build up lymphocytes and antibodies which triggers the production of antigens which will induce immunity, therefore helping the immune systems to contain or neutralize an infection (Johnson, 2020). The production of antigens in response to threats is either through the innate or adaptive immunity.

What are clinical trials?
A clinical trial is a scientific research used to assess and improve the safety, effectiveness and reliability of different treatments or vaccines (Hardy, 2015). According to Lloyd, (2017), trials are necessary to modify the quality of medicine and thus help improve the health of patients.
What do we need to measure during clinical trials?
The accuracy of clinical measurements ensures the validity of reports made at the end of trials. The following are summarized measures that must be reported during trials, according to Mathewson, (2011).
• Measure the trial size. The number of participants in trials ought to be measured and recorded as to keep evidence of a trial and for scientific report purposes.
• Measure the dosing interval. The time at which a treatment is taken and how long it took for it to be effective is important, this enables specialists to prescribe the right time and conditions for patients in-order to take the vaccine and when not to take it.• Level of O2 in the blood. An Oxygen level that is lower or above normal is a sign indicating a breathing or blood circulation problem. Patients with such medical conditions may not be allowed to undergo some trials as they may be announced unfit.
• Body temperature before and after vaccination. Changes in body temperature are necessary to monitor the effectiveness of a vaccine. Patients with coronavirus have a high body temperature, however, if theCOVID-19 vaccine works, the temperature will approximately be normal, 380C.
• Drug level or dose. Only the correct dose of a drug will have positive effects in the body, overdosing can be detrimental in some cases.
• Measure the number of lymphocytes present in the blood. A blood test can be used to measure the strength of the immune system. Low white cell count possibly means that there is an infection in the blood. Volunteers with a high number of white blood cells have an active immune system and can experimentally be used for control in-order to increase the reliability of the results.
• Cholesterol level in the blood. Certain vaccines contain substances which are high in cholesterol. Patients with high blood cholesterol needs to be administered with cholesterol free drugs to prevent them from getting heart attacks or stroke along the trials.

Conclusion
It is concluded that the results of clinical trials are necessary as they highly influence the decisions to be made by health care providers, therefore without undergoing clinical trials, there is a huge possible risk that people could be given treatments which are harmful or fatal.

Challenges
It is possible for a single clinical trial to operate for a few years before specialists could meet an informed decision, however, volunteers might lose patience and decide to opt out from taking further trials (Johnson, 2020). Lloyd, (2017) indicated that the maintenance of all equipment used during trials such as vaccines, injections, blood testing and measuring tools is too expensive.

Recommendations
Financial support should be granted to trial centres such as clinics and hospitals to overcome financial insecurities and ensure successful ongoing trial operations (Roger, 2013). Volunteers must always be reminded of possible health benefits that comes along with participating in trials, this can be done to engage them and prevent them from opting out of taking further tests (Brunton, 2016).

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