New Public Management, Public Governance, New Public Governance - Arts and Humanities Assignment Help

Assignment Task:

Task:

State, Its Authority, and Government Some basic concepts some students may not be familiar with State is a ‘political organization’ of ‘religious group’ created as a ‘socializing agency’ seeking ‘common good’ and ‘moral perfection’- Plato; Aristotle

Essential elements of an organization: group of people (with complex relationships), collective actions (internal and external contestation to access power, resource, benefits), common goals (or public benefit (Varied values, needs, and resource constraints)

Essential elements of a state: People, Territory, Government, Sovereignty

Individuals formed ‘state’ to gain security of life and access to property (and later protection from unfairness) by agreeing to respect and defend the rights of others, and use no force.

The ‘government’ is the body of people and institutions that make and enforce laws for a political unit (national; province, state, or emirate; city, county, or canton)

State Is created for security and has three major duties:

providing for the national defense framing and protecting laws undertaking essential public works (Adam Smith)

Satte Regulates conflict by:

framing and enforcing rules of conflicts, balancing interests, and imposing decisions that parties in conflict must accept

Vertical Division of A State’s Authority: Single, Two (Unitary) or Three (Federal) Tiers

Tier 1: National: may be called Central, Commonwealth, Federal, Union

Form: Parliamentary or presidential

Responsibility: Defense; foreign affairs; monetary policy; fiscal policy; foreign trade; communication; air traffic

Tier 2: Sub-national: may be called State, Province, Emirate

Law making: one-house (Pakistan); or two-house (Australia; India; USA)

Executive: With only one head: Pakistan (Chief Minister); UAE

State, Government, and Governance

State is a ‘human community’ in a ‘given territory’ enjoying ‘monopoly’ to use ‘physical violence’ to ensure security- Max Weber

The government beginning from securing the state, people, and their property moved to goods and service delivery because of policy failure or market failure.

Two opposing forms of organization emerged: bureaucracy and the market (Ostrom, 1989)

Business investors are usually subjected to pressures of "the market" or competition (for profit maximization).

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