Non-Governmental and Not-for-Profit Organizational Effectiveness - Management Assignment Help

Assignment Task

Abstract NGO/NPO effectiveness remains a prominent concern for scholars and practitioners, but the literature on this issue is increasingly fragmented along disciplinary lines. We address this problem by presenting a comprehensive and interdisciplinary review of the literature on NGO and NPO effectiveness using citation analysis. In order to uncover commonalities across disciplines concerned with similar questions, we deploy a structured literature review using snowball sampling within citation networks. This approach limits author biases, fosters an interdisciplinary perspective, and adds a different methodological approach to conventional content-based literature reviews. Our review uncovers three trends: (1) there is broad scholarly consensus that unidimensional measures of effectiveness are not useful—even though such measures are commonly used by NGO/NPO rating agencies; (2) the scholarship on NGO/NPO effectiveness is dominated by conceptual works, while empirical studies remain rare; (3) a consensus on how to operationalize effectiveness remains elusive. These results suggest that progress in our understanding of NGO/NPO effectiveness requires enhanced efforts at crossing disciplinary divides, adding empirical analyses, and increasing attention to develop shared categories and methodologies.

Effectiveness as a measure of organizational success has for decades attracted scholarly attention from across the social sciences. In recent years, the issue of effectiveness has taken on additional urgency among practitioners due to more explicit demands for accountability, transparency, and financial responsibility (Unerman and O’Dwyer 2006; Ebrahim and Weisband 2007; Brown 2008). Selfappointed watchdogs, such as Charity Navigator and the American Institute of Philanthropy, have emerged as important institutions of assessment, evaluating the financial performance metrics of what have come to be called non-profit organizations (NPOs) in the public administration literature and non-governmental organizations (NGOs) in the political science and international relations literature.1 As the domestic and international visibility of NPOs/NGOs increases, concerns about their effectiveness and accountability will continue to grow.

Conclusions The novel approach to conduct literature reviews utilized here is useful for scholars interested in a more systematic approach to literature reviews. A structured literature review is particularly helpful in fields where the literature straddles multiple disciplines. Traditional literature reviews based on keyword searches leave significant room for error based on the biases and disciplinary limits inherent to an individual’s perception of the relevant literature. A structured literature review Voluntas 123 avoids such problems by delegating the creation of the citation network to a software program.

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