NUM2306 : Adult Health Care The Body’s Initial Response to any Injury - Medical Science Assignment Help

Assignment Task:

Task:

Introduction

It is determined that the body’s initial response to any injury is developing an inflammatory response and it is one of the initial stages of healing. In the stages, heat, redness, swelling, and pain are associated with the response which initial the development of acute pain due to injury. Inflammation is the body’s initial response towards any injury which is caused by the travelling of body’s cells to the site of injury by causing inflammation for protecting the area and initiating the healing process. The patient (Suzie) in the provided case study was found to have a car accident which developed the sign of redness in the skin and warm light palpation and the injury site was swollen which indicates the condition of inflammation.
 

Discussion

• Acute pain occurs due to the body’s response due to injury such as broken bone, burn, cut, and pulled muscles. The pain sensation develops with the activation of receptors in the primary afferent fibres which is an inclusive unmyelinated C-fibres and myelinated A-fibre. These fibres remain silent during normal phase but gets activated in the presence of noxious stimulus. A series of sensory event occurs which is essential for detecting pain and to produce response to the injury. The three main stages of pain are sensitivity, transfer of signals from peripheral region to dorsal horn located in spinal cord with the help of peripheral nervous system and in the last stage transmission of pain occurs (Schug et al., 2016).
• The clinical manifestation of pain is achy feeling, needle like sensation, weakness and burning sensation. The temperature, heart rate and blood pressure also increase due to pain sensation. It is determined that when peripheral tissue damage occurs the cells travels towards the injury site which releases inflammatory mediators by activating the ascending pain pathway which sends messages to the brain. The sensory neuron enters the spinal cord and the excitatory neuromodulator known as Substance P is released which stimulates the second neuron and it ultimately enters the right side of the spinothalamic tract. Next the synapses along with third neuron into the thalamus of the brain. After injury in the right ulna and radius the patient developed pain, the descending pathway of pain activates which subdue the effect of ascending pain pathway. After the stimulation of both pre and post synaptic neuron, the interneuron is found to release endorphins which binds with the opioid receptor and averts the effect of second neuron from being stimulated. This neuromodulator also blocks the release of substance P. The aching feeling along with needle like sensation occurs due to inactivity of the tissues which stiffens the soft tissue which weakened the muscles. It also results in inflammation and scaring which developed in the soft tissue by causing pain and difficulty in movement (Yoon & Oh, 2018).
• The nurse in this case must access the patient’s pain with the help of pain scale. The nurse in this case can use numerical rating scale for assessing the severity of pain. The nurse provides the patient with acetaminophen and ibuprofen. Ibuprofen lowers pain by reducing swelling and inflammation which was present in this patient and ultimately blocking the production of COX-2 and COX-1 as the body releases these substances due to injury (Cajaraville, 2021). The other drugs which can be recommended are paracetamol, NSAIDS, naproxen. The non-pharmacological intervention which can be provided to this patient are- deep breathing exercise, distraction therapy and providing cognitive behavioural therapy. The patient had asthma and development of excessive pain might trigger the condition of asthma attack. Deep breathing will serve as a type of relaxation therapy by reducing the threshold of pain (Sunandi et al., 2020).
• Concept map

References
Cajaraville J. P. (2021). Ibuprofen Arginate for Rapid-Onset Pain Relief in Daily Practice: A Review of Its Use in Different Pain Conditions. Journal of pain research, 14, 117–126. https://doi.org/10.2147/JPR.S280571Schug, S. A., Palmer, G. M., Scott, D. A., Halliwell, R., & Trinca, J. (2016). Acute pain management: scientific evidence, 2015. Medical Journal of Australia, 204(8), 315-317. https://doi.org/10.5694/mja16.00133Sunadi, A., Ifadah, E., & Syarif, M. N. O. (2020). The effect of deep breathing relaxation to reduce post operative pain in lower limb fracture. Enfermeria clinica, 30, 143-145. doi: 10.1016/j.enfcli.2019.12.045.
Yoon, S. Y., & Oh, J. (2018). Neuropathic cancer pain: prevalence, pathophysiology, and management. The Korean journal of internal medicine, 33(6), 1058. doi: 10.3904/kjim.2018.162

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