NURS11168 - Assessment 1: Determinants of Health and Primary Health Care Nursing

Assessment 1

Learning Outcomes Assessed

• Explain the role of the World Health Organization (WHO) and its influence on primary health care in Australia.
• Discuss the relationship between health inequities, health literacy, and health outcomes.
• Examine the relationship between social determinants of health and health outcomes.

Aim

The aim of this assessment is for you to examine primary health care influences and demonstrate your understanding of factors that impact community health outcomes. To achieve this aim, you are to engage with the weekly unit materials and tutorials from weeks/modules 1-5. The resources provided during these weeks will help you develop this assessment task.

Introduction to the Task

In modules 1-5, you examined the principles of primary health care (PHC), the social determinants of health, and the concepts of equity and inequality in health care. You also identified health literacy principles, health promotion and illness prevention. According to the World Health Organization (WHO, 2021), investment in PHC improves health outcomes, access and equity in health care and health care performance. A strategy used to strengthen global PHC is research and innovation (WHO, 2021). Primary health care provides health services to individuals, families or communities regardless of location or socio-economic status. The World WHO and member states' commitment to primary health care improves equity, access and positive outcomes for users.

Part 1

On 20th January 2025, the United States of America (USA) announced its withdrawal from the WHO due to a claim that the WHO mishandled the COVID-19 pandemic (Yazdi-Feyzabadi et al., 2025). This withdrawal will potentially take effect in 2026 if no reversal occurs. There was a similar withdrawal attempt on 6th July 2020; it did not eventuate. The USA is the most significant financial contributor to the WHO, and this funding is voluntary. The USA contributed $1.284 billion to the WHO in the 2022-2023 biennium to enable countries to respond to emergencies and help stop the spread of diseases globally (WHO, 2024).

Part 2

A grassroots innovation, Health Kiosk is helping vulnerable populations bridge the gap between health literacy and health outcomes for a Belgian city's individuals, families and communities (Masquillier et al., 2023). This study integrates aspects of primary health care services into a practical situation. Health Kiosk links health, health literacy and health outcomes to connect real people to primary health care services within the community. This strategy is an innovation that seeks to promote health outcomes for some of the vulnerable population groups in the community.

Instructions

Please follow the steps below to complete the two parts of your assessment task:

1. Provide a brief introduction outlining the aim of your assessment (approximately 150 words).

2. Read Gostin et al. (2020) article USA withdrawal from WHO is unlawful and threatens global and USA health and security. See full reference below.

   1. Discuss four (4) implications of this potential withdrawal on delivering primary health care (PHC) in Australia (300 words).

3. Read Masquillier et al. (2023) article, development and implementation of a community health literacy hub, 'Health Kiosk' – A grassroots innovation. See full reference below.

   1. Discuss the possible impact of the activities at the Health Kiosk on the community's health outcomes (300 words).
   2. Explain how the ‘Health Kiosk’ may promote community access to primary health care (300 words).
4. Provide a concise conclusion summarising the main concepts in your assessment (approximately 150 words).

Summary of Assessment Requirements

Assessment 1 focuses on examining the influence of the World Health Organization (WHO) and primary health care (PHC) on community health outcomes. The key learning outcomes assessed include:

• Explaining the role of WHO and its influence on PHC in Australia.
• Discussing the relationship between health inequities, health literacy, and health outcomes.
• Examining the connection between social determinants of health and health outcomes.

The assessment is divided into two major parts:

1. Impact of USA’s Withdrawal from WHO – Students must analyze the implications of this decision on the delivery of PHC in Australia.

2. Case Study on Health Kiosk Innovation – Students must discuss how this grassroots initiative bridges gaps in health literacy, improves community health outcomes, and promotes access to PHC.

The task also requires an introduction (150 words), analysis (3 sections of 300 words each), and a conclusion (150 words).

Approach by the Academic Mentor

To guide the student effectively, the academic mentor adopted a step-by-step process for each section of the assessment:

Step 1: Understanding the Aim and Scope

• The mentor first explained the overall aim: linking PHC principles with real-world influences such as international policy decisions (WHO withdrawal) and local innovations (Health Kiosk).
• Students were reminded to use weekly modules (1–5) as the foundation, ensuring alignment with learning outcomes.

Step 2: Structuring the Introduction

• The mentor guided the student to begin with a clear introduction explaining the relevance of PHC, the role of WHO, and why examining global events and local innovations is important for community health outcomes.

Step 3: Analyzing the USA Withdrawal (Part 1)

• The mentor encouraged reviewing Gostin et al. (2020) to understand the legal, financial, and public health consequences of the withdrawal.

• Together, they outlined four key implications for Australia:

  1. Reduced global funding for health emergencies.
  2. Disruption in international collaborations.
  3. Potential gaps in disease surveillance and prevention.
  4. Strain on Australia’s PHC system to compensate for reduced global support.

Step 4: Exploring the Health Kiosk Case (Part 2)

• The mentor helped the student interpret Masquillier et al. (2023) and link it to practical PHC principles.

• The discussion was divided into two parts:
  • Impact on community health outcomes: Improved health literacy, early prevention, greater community engagement, and reduced inequities.
  • Promotion of access to PHC: Bridging vulnerable populations with services, offering culturally sensitive communication, and creating trust through grassroots initiatives.

Step 5: Drafting the Conclusion

• The mentor guided the student to write a concise conclusion, summarizing:
  • WHO’s global role and its impact on PHC in Australia.
  • The importance of grassroots innovations like Health Kiosk.
  • How both global policies and local practices shape health outcomes.

Final Outcome

Through this structured approach, the student successfully:

• Met the assessment requirements by addressing both global and local perspectives.
• Developed an understanding of the role of WHO, health inequities, and social determinants.
• Applied critical thinking to real-world case studies (USA withdrawal, Health Kiosk).
• Strengthened skills in research, analysis, and academic writing.

The assessment covered all intended learning objectives, ensuring the student gained a deeper appreciation of how policy decisions and community-based innovations influence health outcomes in Australia and beyond.

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