Nursing - Antibiotic Resistance – A Major Threat To Health And Well-Being - Literature Review - Nursing Assessment Answer

Nursing Assessment Answer

Assignment Task:  Literature review Antibiotic resistance – A major threat to health and well-being According to the World Health Organization (WHO), antibiotic resistance has become of the major health threats in the global context. It is extremely harmful as it can affect anyone; belong to any age group and residing in any nation in the world. Generally, antibiotic resistance takes place naturally (Who.int, 2019). But the excessive use or misuse of antibiotic drugs play a vital role and accelerate the resistance to these drugs. The condition basically arises when the virus, bacteria parasites or fungi are able to resist the effect of the medicine that had been previously used to treat them. Due to this issue, it is getting really challenging to treat a number of sensitive health-related issues such as tuberculosis, pneumonia, salmonellosis, gonorrhea. The individuals who are resistant to antibiotics have a higher mortality rate and they tend to stay in healthcare facilities for a longer period of time. In a number of countries such as the United Kingdom and Ireland, the prevalence of antibiotic resistance has become a major concern. According to the research study by Bissenova and Yergaliyeva, the pattern of antibiotic residence in the pediatric cardiac intensive care unit is quite alarming and shocking (The-hospitalist.org, 2019). Due to the increase in the resistance rate, a number of a well-designed hospital infection strategic model can be implemented to help the children and adolescents in the care context. Antibiotic resistance in the UK and Ireland According to Dolk, Pouwels and Smith, the prescription of antibiotic in the primary care in England are handled with utmost care and sensitivity. The prescription of antibiotic drugs has a direct implication on the resistance the drugs after prolonged use. In the UK, the resistance to antibiotic drugs is quite high. This is the main reason for launching the 5-year antimicrobial resistance action plan. The prevalence of the resistance issue has also been seen in the pediatric department of the nation. As per the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence, the antibiotic drugs must be prescribed to children only if their health condition is really critical.For example, if he or she shows signs and symptoms relating to a serious medical condition, the antibiotic drugs must be prescribed. The unnecessary use of these drugs can otherwise increase their resistance and make the drugs ineffective on their body (Nice.org.uk, 2019, p 10). According to a report that was published by ‘Nursing Times’ due to the high use of antibiotic drugs among children for various health-related issues, the use of antibiotic drugs has become useless to tackle common infections in them (Thomason, 2019). As per researchers, when children take antibiotics for treating antibiotic tract infections or any cardiovascular instability, the bacteria that is carried by the kids become antibiotic resistant for almost six months after the kid has taken the antibiotic drugs. The case does not seem to be very pleasant in Ireland either. According to a recent news report, in the near future, antimicrobial resistance could lead to more number of deaths as compared to cancer. The antibiotic resistance causes the death of 25,000 individuals on an annual basis in Europe (The Irish Times, 2019). A total of 7,00,000 people lose their lives due to drugresistanceinfections and out of them, almost 2,00,000 are newborn infants. Impact of Antibiotic resistance on children As per the research study by Odeh, Fadel and Hammad, the antibiotic abuse in the pediatric department can be life-threatening for children. The resistance of harmful viruses and bacteria in children can have major implications on their overall health and well-being. Similarly, Anand, Bates, and Featherstone in their research study have stated that special attention must be given to the use of antibiotic drugs while dealing with infections in paediatric cardiac surgery (Dar-Odeh et al., 2018). It is necessary to have in place a systematic protocol and robust policies so that the children with cardiovascular issues will not be at the receiving end due to the excessive use of antibiotic medicines (Anand et al., 2017). The severity of the antibiotic resistance has been identified in different parts of the globe. Logan and Medernach in their research study have highlighted the fact that antibiotic resistance has become a growing threat for children in the current times. The rise in the drug-resistance infection in both infants and children is gaining attention today due to the rise in the mortality rate due to the antibiotic resistance (Medernach& Logan, 2018). In recent times, the prescription of antibiotic drugs for treating and preventing harmful diseases is on the rise. But this trend has an adverse implication on the health condition and overall well-being of the children. According to the study that was carried out by Hufnagel and Versporten, a significant number of the pediatric patient in multiple European healthcare facilities were given antibiotic drugs for Prophylaxis (Hufnagel et al., 2018). Some of the wide range of antibiotic drugs that were being given to children in the care setting include macrolides, tetracyclines, lincosamides, and sulfonamides. The children who were supposed to get some kind of surgery were given antibiotic drugs for more than one day. The excessive use of antibiotic drugs makes them antibiotic resistance and allows harmful bacteria and viruses to thrive in their body. Antibiotic resistance complicates children’s health with cardiovascular issues Samore and Harbarth in their research study have stated that the use of antibiotic drugs is evident even after pediatric patients have undergone cardiovascular surgeries. According to a theresearch article, 28 per cent of the cardiac surgeon from the United Kingdom said that they used antibiotic drugs on their patientseven after the removal of all the necessary chest drains. As per the stud, the prolonged and unnecessary use of antibiotic drugs makes the body antibiotic resistant. This makes the patients weak and vulnerable to a wide range of bacteria, viruses, and fungus (Harbarth et al., 2000, p 6). Antibiotic resistance is a major health-related issue for both adults and children alike. In order to deal with the issue, a number of research studies are being carried out so that the antibiotic resistance issue can be effectively dealt with. Research teams from the Newcastle University and the University of Birmingham are finding novel approaches to eliminate antibiotics that exist in the bloodstreams of individuals which minimizes the impact of chronic infection. The gap in the literature Antibiotic resistance is a major issue that has been identified as a health threat in the global context. But there is the need to devise suitable technique so that the resistance to dangerous bacteria and viruses can be effectively managed by both kids and adults alike (Medernach& Logan, 2018). As captured in the review, a number of initiatives are being introduced in order to deal with the antibiotic resistance issue such as the introduction of systematic protocols while prescribing antibiotics to pediatric and adult patients and the use of innovative techniques to drain out the antibiotic components from the bloodstream of the patients. But there is further scope to find ways to tackle the antibiotic resistance issue which is ‘life-threatening’ for patients. Linking the gap to the research objective The research study will be carried out to address the gap that has been highlighted. There is a scope to introduce novel techniques, policies, and reforms in the healthcare setting to manage the antibiotic resistance threat. An integrated approach can be implemented so that the antibiotic resistance problem that exists in various parts of the globe including the United Kingdom and Ireland can be properly managed and controlled (Hufnagel et al., 2018). The research study that will be conducted would mainly focus on how the increase in the antibiotic resistance children has increased their health-related vulnerability. In addition, to this, the study will also capture the suitable changes that can be introduced to minimize and level of antibiotic-resistance among care users. A comprehensive research process will be carried out so that the major health-related threat that exists in the current times can be tackled carefully. Resistance to antibiotics due to overuse Framework And Objective The objective behind the research for resistance to antibiotics due to overuse is the clear identification that one feels after overuse of antimicrobial drugs. Here the emphasis has been laid on recommending the variant strategies that can assist in avoiding the effect of over usage and resistance for the same. The analysis yet has come to a result that by making lesser use of antibiotics shall be making it easy to avoid misuse of these antibiotics. At times it has been analyzed that the misuse can be a preventing measure. There are in fact many new drugs that have been introduced in the market that can assist in preventing the widespread impact of threatening strains. With these facts, it has been noticed that they actually play an integral part making it sure that the impact of antibiotics can be reduced. In this research, it is our emphasis to make it easy to work out the complicated situations of developing resistance for antibiotics. One can notice the significance of making it less impact of antibiotics. In this research for resistance to antibiotics due to overuse, our aim is to come out with possibilities over the study that proves to prescribe antibiotic fight against various bacterial plus the viral infections. Key facts behind the objective towards Resistance to antibiotics due to overuse:

• Antibiotic resistance has come up with the biggest threats in respect to global health.
• The resistance can affect anyone irrespective of the age.
• The resistance happens in a natural way, however, the misuse in animals and humans is pick up the pace.
• Checking the solution for infections like child cardiovascular that is treated by antibiotics.
• The resistance at times leads to longer stays at hospitals, high costs with increased mortality.

Paradigm and overall approach The approach of the research is an essential part. Hereby making use of mixed approach the findings have been eventually identified. Emphasis is laid on the quality and richness of finding. The combination of quantitative and qualitative data helped in clarifying the issues related to an antibiotic. The data is being collected from secondary data. The mode of operandi for same is the comprehensive review. In addition to this, the assistance of many hospitals in Ireland and Dublin made the analysis simpler. The identification of several issues was diagnosed with problems associated with the resistance of antibiotic were genuine due to the over usage. In general, the medications with the use of antibiotics are tending to be used in case of severe issues only. While the treatment of basic sufferings like cold, cough etc, the level of usage of antibiotics is very significant. With the mixed approach of quantitative and qualitative assisted in research to combine interpretive paradigms and critical realism that proved out to be better findings and pieces of evidence. PRIMARY RESEARCH DESIGN The harmful effect of the antibiotics drugs can be avoided or can be decreased by taking the concern steps about the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics for formulations of different antibiotic drugs and by adopting the proper hygiene and the preventive actions. Implementation of such practices as microbial survey and prophylaxis has been proved to be declined in the decreased in less hospital stay and clear-cutting of care costs and death rate due to drug resistance and infections.During the research I will be adopting the different strategy such as checking the cleanness status of the hospitals before the admission of the patient in the hospital mainly disinfections of hospitals room will also accumulate the information that what doctors do for the checking of the antimicrobial prescribing. I will be adopting the method of collecting data by taking the interviews of the doctors and especially the clinical nurse of hospitals in UK and Ireland and if will be allowed will also visit the hospital premises about the safety and the clean environment of the hospitals. Will also gather the information through the telephonic interviews which will help me to get the primary data about the antibiotic and it overuse. For the secondary data, I will go through the different research which was already done and what all are the obtained outcomes of those research on the overuse of the antimicrobial drugs and steps taken to prevent such resistance. THE QUESTIONS WHICH MAY HELP TO MAKE MY RESEARCH MORE INVENTIBLE ARE 1. What are the most common side effects of the overuse of antimicrobial drugs? 2. What are the consequences of the overusing of the antibiotics? 3. How can the multidrug-resistant organism spread from one patient to another? 4. What is the role of the pharmaceuticals industry in propagating antibiotics resistance? 5. How do we overcome this increasing problem both in Hospitals and in the community? 6. How can be useful information on antibiotic resistance can be communicated to public awareness? With many more to go because this research on resistance to antibiotics will be efficient about this drastic problem and its consequences. The technique for interpreting the data will be based on the research on the antimicrobials drugs used in hospitalised patients especially children by using previously validated and standardized method and will also include identifying all the patients receiving an antimicrobial treatment on the day to day survey during my research.

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