Organisms and Acellular Biological Entities - Medical Science Assignment Help

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MICROORGANISMS
Microorganisms are those organisms and acellular biological entities too small to be seen clearly by the unaided eye.
Microorganisms transformed the Earth. They are ubiquitous and the dominant life form on Earth, with the cyanobacteria being the first to produce oxygen.

They are able to grow and survive over a wide range of conditions (including inhospitable areas), but most live in specific niches with other microbes as communities. Hence, we generally don’t find pure cultures in a single area.

In general, microorganisms are poorly studied because:
→ They are incredibly small and difficult to study
→ Have very different environmental and nutritional environments
→ We tend to focus on microbes that cause disease

The origins of microbiology
Before microorganisms could be seen, some people had suggested their existence and role in disease. In particular, Lucretius and Fracastoro suggested disease was caused by invisible living creatures.

However, their existence wasn’t confirmed until Stelluti used a microscope from Galileo to view microorganisms, Hooke published the first drawings of microorganisms, and van Leeunwenhoek developed even better microscopes.

The discovery of microorganisms
Antony van Leeuwenhoek developed microscopes that enabled magnifications of ~50-300x. He observed and drew bacteria from dental plaque, and was able to identify different shapes of bacteria.

Microorganisms and disease
Although disease had been suggested to be caused by invisible living creatures most people still believed that infectious disease was spread by poisonous vapours called miasmas.
Germ Theory of Disease
The idea that microorganisms could cause disease slowly gained popularity as various individuals showed that particular microorganisms caused disease, such as:
→ Bassi: showed silkworm disease was caused by fungal infection
→ Berkeley: showed Irish potato blight was caused by mould
→ de Bary: showed cereal crop blights were caused by a fungus Indirect evidence also supported the Germ theory of Disease, such as:
→ Semmelweiss: noted increased incidence of death from puerperal fever in delivering women treated by students/physicians rather than midwives; students/physicians were able to work in the morgue, but did not wash hands and then worked on women with contaminated hands
→ Snow: correlated incidence of cholera with living near/drinking water from certain sources
→ Lister: used heat sterilisation and phenol to reduce incidence of surgical infections

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