Organizational Structure of Lagos Water Corporation Management Assignment Help

Organizational Structure of Lagos Water Corporation4
Figure 2: Iju Waterworks6
Figure 3: Aeration/ Sedimentation Tank8
Figure 4: Borehole8
Figure 5: underground tank8
Figure 6: sand filter beds8
Figure 7: elevated tank8
Figure 8: Laboratory Apparatus12
Figure 9: Laboratory Apparatus13
Figure 10: thermometer14
Figure 11: : Lovibond Nessleriser15
Figure 12: Turbidity Meter16
Figure 13: : Conductivity Meter16
Figure 14: Total Dissolved Solids Meter17
Figure 15: Lovibond comparator and pH disc17
Figure 16: Lovibond comparator and chlorine disc18
Figure 17: Lovibond comparator and iron disc19
Figure 18: Alkalinity Color Change20
Figure 19: Acidity Color Change PAGEREF _Toc84462856 \h 20
Figure 20: Total Hardness Color Change PAGEREF _Toc84462857 \h 21
Figure 21: Calcium Hardness Color Change PAGEREF _Toc84462858 \h 22
Figure 22: Chloride Color Change PAGEREF _Toc84462859 \h 23
Figure 23: Organic Matter PAGEREF _Toc84462860 \h 24
Figure 24: Test for Total Coliforms Color Change PAGEREF _Toc84462861 \h 25
Figure 25: Colonies formed during Aerobic Mesophilic Count Test PAGEREF _Toc84462862 \h 26
Figure 26: Single and Double Strength Mackonkey Broth PAGEREF _Toc84462863 \h 27
Figure 27: nutrient agar PAGEREF _Toc84462864 \h 27
Figure 28: autoclave PAGEREF _Toc84462865 \h 28

LIST OF TABLES
TOC \h \z \c "Table" Table 1: Nigerian Drinking Water Standards9

DEDICATIONThis report is dedicated to God Almighty for His continuous grace and mercy over my life and throughout my stay in Covenant University lj
AKNOWLEDGEMENTI would like to give all the glory to God Almighty for his protection, provision and acts of favor towards me all through this period, The Head of quality assurance department; Mr.Omotayo, my industry based supervisor; Mrs. Funmi Awoyera alongside my other supervisors; Mrs. Dare and Miss Tokunbo for being accommodating and for imparting me with knowledge pertaining this industry, and my IT colleagues for putting me through lab procedures.
I am thankful to my parents and sister for their endless support as I would not have accomplished this without their love and encouragement.
I would also like to show appreciation to some of my friends: Gloria, Ayomide, Tuoyo, Crystal, Morenike and Shittu for carrying me along and answering all questions I had about writing this report.
Lastly, I would like to give special thanks to Dr. Adedapo and Mr. Ajayi for all the help, support and information they provided for me.
Without these people, this attachment could not have been accomplished.
ABSTRACTThis technical report is about the work-done and activities carried out during my six months industrial training at the quality assurance department of Lagos Water Corporation located at Govenors Road, Alausa, Ikeja. The Lagos Water Corporation was established to produce potable water and there are presently four major waterworks: Iju waterworks, Adiyan waterworks, Shashi waterworks, Ota-Kosi waterworks alongside forty-eight mini and micro waterworks. . Water treatment processes in Alausa waterworks involves the use of treatment chemical such as soda ash and calcium hypochlorite to effectively carry out the treatment processes, chemical processes such as sedimentation, oxidation, filtration, pH adjustment and disinfection are carried out for during the water treatment processes.
CHAPTER ONEINTRODUCTION1.1 BACKGROUND OF SIWES
SIWES is an acronym for Students Industrial Work Experience Scheme. SIWES was established in the year 1973 in order to improve the standard of education in Nigeria and to achieve the needed technological advancement. It prepares students for employment and makes transition from school to the work environment easier after graduation. The program outlined the academic standards for educational establishments in Nigeria. Therefore, harnessing the potentials of SIWES for Industrial, technological and Economic development, however, demands that the three major SIWES stakeholders or (students, institutions and employers) be empowered to fully participate and cooperate with one another in implanting SIWES scheme.
Before this scheme was established, there was a growing concern and trend noticed by industrialists, that graduates of higher institutions lacked sufficient practical background for employment. They were not trained in the practical know-how of their various fields of study. As a result they could not easily find jobs due to the lack of working experience. The ITF (Industrial Training Fund) made a decision to help all Nigerian students by establishing the SIWES program which was officially approved and presented by the Federal Government in 1974 who later handed over the management of the scheme to both the National Universities Commission (NUC) and the National Board for Technical Education (NBTE)
1.2 AIM OF SIWES
To expose students to work methods and techniques
To provide an avenue for students to acquire industrial skill
Enhancing students contacts with potential employers while on training
To help students appreciate the role their professions play in the society
SIWES exposes students to work methods and techniques in handling equipment and machineries that may not be available in their institution.
It enlists and strengthens employers’ involvement in the entire educational process and prepares students for employment after graduation.
1.3 COLLECTION AND SUBMISSION OF SIWES LETTER
922020257175000My SIWES letter was given to me by the department of chemistry, Covenant University, Ota. I took it to different companies including Lagos Water Corporation, Ijora, Lagos, Nigeria where I was accepted and given a letter of acceptance to begin immediately at the quality assurance department at the Alausa Mini Waterworks, Lagos.
Figure 1: SIWES letter
1.4 ABOUT COMPANY OF ENGAGEMENT: LAGOS WATER CORPOATION, ALAUSA1.4.1 BRIEF HISTORY OF COMPANY OF ENGAGEMENTLagos Water Corporation formerly Federal Water Supply is the principal supplier of water throughout Lagos State. It is owned by the Lagos State Government. The Waterworks was commissioned by Mr. Frederick Lugard, the then Governor General of Nigeria, in 1915. The Lagos Water Corporation then under the federal government was established with the construction of Iju Water Works. Iju Waterworks is a facility in Ifako-Ijaiye, Lagos Mainland that is designed to provide drinkable water to Lagos State residents. The idea came to be after noticing the poor water quality from wells and other bodies used by residents of Lagos.
Experimental wells dug in Lagos Mainland had proved to be of higher quality that those on the Island so the Iju scheme was to supply better quality water to old Lagos which at the time primarily meant Lagos Island,  Iddo, Apapa, and Ebute Metta. Its construction started in 1910, commissioning occurred in 1915, and supply of water began in August 1915. The initial capacity of the waterworks was close to 2.5 million gallons per day. It had three engines pumping 5,000 gallons of water per minute. After completion about 200 water fountains and 250 water hydrants were established all over Lagos. Water was distributed to colonial Lagos through a cast iron trunks mains pipeline with a 28-inch diameter.
The initial beneficiaries were European residents of Ikoyi and then Lagos Island but gradually pipe water reached others areas including Ijora, Apapa, Iddo, and Ebute Metta. The distribution capacity was increased in 1943 with the addition of a second pipeline. Before 1954, the source of water for the scheme was from the Iju and Adiyan streams but increase in capacity occurred in 1954 to serve Ikorodu rd, Ikeja and Eastern Lagos and abstraction of water was extended to the Ogun River. Along the years capacity was further increased. In 1985, capacity had reached 45 million gallons per day. After the creation of Lagos State in 1967, the responsibility of Iju Waterworks was transferred to the state.
Water supply from Iju is dependent on power supply and incessant power outages affects the productivity of the plant. In 2010, the state government commissioned an independent power plant to supply electricity to the facility.
1.4.2 INFORMATION CONCERNING COMPANY OF ENGAGEMENT
There are presently four major waterworks:
Iju waterworks
Adiyan waterworks
Shashi waterworks
Ota-Kosi waterworks
And forty-eight mini and micro waterworks with total installed water production capacity of 210 MGD.
LOCATION OF HEAD OFFICE: Lagos Water Corporation Ijora Causeway, Lagos.
PRODUCT: Consumable Water
WEBSITE: lagoswater.org
CONTACT: info@lagoswater.org07045973012, 07045973013
COMPANY BASED SUPERVISOR: Mrs. Funmi AwoyeraVISION: “Sustainably meeting potable water demand in Lagos State through International best practice”
MISSION: “To provide safe drinking water in sufficient and regular quantity, maintain good quality service through revenue generation to sustain operations, meet customer expectation by planning sustainable growth and promote community health by good potable water”
1.4.3 OBJECTIVES OF LAGOS WATER CORPORATIONDevelop all water services assets, new water services assets and sewerage services assets
Prepare on behalf of the state, plans for the maintenance and development of water services assets and new water services assets in the state (referred to as the “development plan”), pursuant to consultation with the relevant authorities and consumer group.
Identify and implement projects for the provision of water services which may be undertaken with private sector participation, pursuant to consultation with the authorities, in order to fulfil the water service obligation of the state.
Ensure the supply of potable water in the state, either pursuant to project agreements with private participant or by raising necessary funds through the capital.
Extend and develop existing waterworks

Figure SEQ Figure \* ARABIC 2: Organizational Structure of Lagos Water Corporation1.5 SUBMISSION OF ACCEPTANCE LETTERI was accepted at the Lagos Water Corporation and given a letter of acceptance to begin immediately at the quality assurance department at the Alausa Mini Waterworks, Lagos and submitted my letter of acceptance by mail to SIWES@covenantuniversity.edu.ng
160020top00
Figure 3: Letter of acceptance
1.5.1 SUBMISSION OF SCAF (STUDENT COMMENCEMENT ATTACHMENT FORM)
After 2 weeks of engagement, I submitted my SCAF form to the nearest ITF office at Oregun, Ojota, Lagos.
1.6 COMMENCEMENT OF INTERNSHIPI began my industrial attachment for 22 weeks at the quality assurance department of the Alausa Mini Waterworks for the duration of 10th May 2021- 7th October 2021 while occasionally visiting other waterworks.
1.7 DEPARTMENTS IN ESTABLISHMENTProduction department: responsible for the production of water and monitoring of chemicals used for production processes.
Commercial department: responsible for the commercial operations of the corporation; ensuring compliance to policies, prompt delivery of services to customers in relation to billing and water-related complaints/problems.
Quality Assurance department: monitors the water produced by carrying out different water analyses to ensure that the water is potable.
Distribution department: responsible for the maintenance of water systems (pipes, valves) from production to water service connections.
Human Resources department: responsible for managing the human capital of the corporation to meet the established business objectives.
Finance & Account department: provides accounting services and manages the finances of the corporation to ensure full transparency in financial transactions.
Property & General services: responsible for ensuring the correctness, availability and proper storage of stocks and equipment.
Information Technology & Telecommunication: disseminates information, ensures proper functioning of technical equipment and also monitors platforms for bill payments where customers pay for water services.
Audit department: responsible for audit reviews of administrative, commercial, technical and management process and systems to ensure alignment of activities with the goals of the corporation and risk management.
Legal unit: formulates relevant corporate policy, issues legal opinions, reviews and recommendations.
Customer-care unit: responsible for the complaints filed by customers and preparation of job orders.
CHAPTER TWO2.1 OPERATIONS OF IJU WATERWORKS, LAGOSThe source of water is the Ogun River. Water flows through from the raw water inlet chambers and alum is added for coagulation (the aggregation of particles) then moves to the flocculating chamber. While coagulation is a chemical process, flocculation is a physical process.
The aggregate comes together to form larger particles then moves to the clarifying chambers then to the sedimentation tanks. Stirrers help the particles come together as the heavier the particles the faster they fall, the water is then moved to the decanting trays which skims the water from the surface and sends it to the filter beds. Filtration removes light particles that might have escaped sedimentation. After filtration, lime is added to boost the pH and calcium hypochlorite for disinfection.


Figure SEQ Figure \* ARABIC 4: Iju Waterworks2.2 OPERATIONS OF ALAUSA WATERWORKS, LAGOSThe facilities present in the Alausa waterworks are:
Laboratory: this is where water analyses are carried out
Pump House: this is the building which operates the pumps of the water plant
Chemical Dosing Room: this contains the facility for automated dosing of lime and chlorine into raw or untreated water to buffer the pH and for disinfection respectively.
Chemist Office: this is the office of the chemist
RPM office: this the office of the regional plant manager
Treatment Plant: this is where the treatment of water from the borehole is carried out
Alausa Waterworks has two plants; the old and the new with the same primary functions. The source of water is borehole (raw water) where water moves to the aeration/sedimentation tank to oxidize unfilterable ferrous iron (Fe3+) to filterable (Fe2+). Lime is dosed manually in the aeration tank and passed to the sand filter beds which contains sands of different sizes to remove unwanted particles. After filtration, the water is dosed with High Testing Hypochlorite (HTH) and passed to the underground tank with the use of transfer pumps, at this stage the water is called final water because it has undergone treatment. The water is transferred to the elevated tank with high lift pumps and to the consumers by gravity.
OVERALL REACTIONS FOR ALAUSA WATERWORKS, LAGOS
Ca(OH)2 + CO2 ? CaCO3 + H2O
Fe2+ ? Fe3+ ; in the presence of oxygen
2Fe3+ + 6H2O ? 2Fe(OH)3 + 6H+
6H+ + 3CaCO3 ? 3Ca2+ + 3CO2 + 3H2O
For disinfection;
Ca(ClO)2 + 2H2O ? Ca+ + 2OH- + 2HClO
ALAUSA WATERWORKS TREATMENT PLANT
6041208660128Figure SEQ Figure \* ARABIC 6: Aeration/ Sedimentation Tank
00Figure SEQ Figure \* ARABIC 6: Aeration/ Sedimentation Tank
-7785101057910Figure SEQ Figure \* ARABIC 5: borehole
00Figure SEQ Figure \* ARABIC 5: borehole
4549321191262000212779411593292554664361730000
6765290960120Figure SEQ Figure \* ARABIC 7: sand filter beds00Figure SEQ Figure \* ARABIC 7: sand filter beds-7569201036320Figure SEQ Figure \* ARABIC 8: underground tank00Figure SEQ Figure \* ARABIC 8: underground tank1398180240402000

4695553886460CONSUMERS
00CONSUMERS
3647349936534
18992853447Figure SEQ Figure \* ARABIC 9: elevated tank
00Figure SEQ Figure \* ARABIC 9: elevated tank

Alausa waterworks carries out three analyses at morning, midday and afternoon on water produced to determine if the water is up to standard.
The waterworks also carries out tests on consultancy water samples to ensure they are up to the standards given by the WHO (World Health Organization). The tests for water quality are divided into: microbiological tests and physiochemical tests.
Alongside consultancy samples, the waterworks takes weekly water samples from the Lagos Government House and its distribution channels such as Ikeja City Mall.
BACKWASHING
This is a preventive maintenance method that allows the sand filter beds be reused because during filtration, dirt settles on the filter media which accumulates and blocks the pipes transferring water from the sand filter beds to the underground tank. Air is pumped/blown through the pipes which blows the dirt to the surface and the waste water flows out. The waste water is recycled.
2.3 WATER ANALYSIS PARAMETERS AND STANDARDS
Table SEQ Table \* ARABIC 1: Nigerian Drinking Water StandardsPARAMETERS NSDWQ
A Physical Parameters Temperature of water[?]27-30
Temperature of air[?]25-30
Visual inspection Clear/Colourless
Colour [Hazen] 0-15
Taste Unobjectionable
Odour Unobjectionable
Turbidity [NTU] 5
Conductivity [?s/cm] 1000
Salinity [PPM] No Guideline value
Total Dissolved Solids [mg/l] 500 [maximum]
B Chemical Parameters PH 6.5-8.5
Residual Chlorine [mg/l] 0.2-0.25
Iron [mg/l] 0.3
Total Alkalinity [mg/l] No Guideline value
Total Acidity [mg/] No Guideline value
Total Hardness [CaCO3mg/l] 150
Calcium Hardness [CaCO3mg/l] No Guideline value
Magnesium Hardness [CaCO3mg/l] No Guideline value
Free Carbon dioxide [mg/l] No Guideline value
Chloride [mg/l] 250
Organic matter No Guideline value
C MICROBIOLOGICAL PARAMETERS Total Coliform [MPN/100ML] 0
Aerobic Mesophilic Count [cfu/ml] <100> NSDWQ? Nigeria Standard for Drinking Water Quality
NTU? Nephelometric Turbidity Unit
MPN? Most Probable Number
CFU? Colony Forming Unit
2.4 INTRODUCTION TO LABORATORY APPARATUS/EQUIPMENT AND THEIR USESTotal Dissolved Solids (TDS) Meter: this is used to check the total dissolved solids or particles in the water sample in parts per million (ppm)
Conductivity Meter: measures the conductance of a sample of water (unit)
Turbidity Meter: measures how turbid or the extent of cloudiness of a water sample caused by suspend solid particles
Lovibond Comparator: with the use of their respective discs and indicators it determines the residual chlorine, iron and pH
Lovibond Nessleriser (Colorimeter): determines the color intensity of a water sample
Refrigerator: to store culture media and water samples
Autoclave: To sterilize laboratory equipment and culture media before and after inoculating with water sample
Incubator: this is a heated insulated box used to grow and maintain microbiological cultures
Weighing Balance: measures the mass of a substance
Thermometer: to determine the temperature of air and of the sample
Hot Plate: to heat a sample
Water Distiller: a machine used in producing distilled water
Water Bath: machine used to incubate samples in water at a constant temperature over a long period of time
Oven: this is a hot air sterilizer with a temperature controlling unit. It is used for drying and sterilizing glassware after washing


Figure SEQ Figure \* ARABIC 10: Laboratory Apparatus
Figure SEQ Figure \* ARABIC 11: Laboratory Apparatus Contd.
MAINTENANCE OF EQUIPMENT
Ensure all apparatus and glass wares are stored in a cool and dry place.
Ensure all glass wares are effectively cleaned before they are used.
Make sure all glassware are washed and dried after use.
Ensure that electrical equipment such as autoclave, water bath are cleaned consistently and turned off after use.
Ensure you check the calibration of all instruments before use.
Ensure you wear a lab coat, face mask and hand gloves when carrying out all analysis and reagent preparation.
2.5 WATER ANALYSISWater samples are analyzed to obtain the profile of the water which determines the treatment processes needed. The analyses are divided into two aspects; physiochemical and microbiological. The physiochemical aspect is further divided into physical and chemical aspects.
2.5.1 PHYSICAL WATER ANALYSIS
TEST FOR TEMPERATURE OF AIR AND WATER
The thermometer is held up for a few minutes and read at eye level to determine the temperature of the room.

Figure SEQ Figure \* ARABIC 12: thermometer
VISUAL INSPECTION: the water is sample is turned into a beaker and placed over a white sheet of paper to determine the appearance of the sample; if it contains any debris or particles.
TEST FOR COLOR (HAZEN): The water sample is filled up to the 200ml mark on the measuring cylinder then placed in the lovibond nessleriser and compared until there is a color match.

Figure SEQ Figure \* ARABIC 13: Lovibond NessleriserTASTE AND ODOUR
The sample water is turned into a beaker and perceived to determine any odor. Usually a water sample with a high total dissolved solid (TDS) value has a taste.
TEST FOR TURBIDITY
The sample water is placed into the cuvette and wiped dry to remove traces of water and fingerprints on the body. It is placed in the turbidity meter and the turbidity value is displayed.

Figure SEQ Figure \* ARABIC 14: Turbidity MeterTEST FOR CONDUCTIVITY
The sample water is turned into a beaker then the conductivity meter is placed in the beaker and the value is displayed on the screen.

Figure SEQ Figure \* ARABIC 15: Conductivity Meter
TEST FOR TOTAL DISSOLVED SOLIDS
The sample water is turned into a beaker then the total dissolved solid (TDS) meter is placed in the beaker and the value is displayed on the screen.

Figure SEQ Figure \* ARABIC 16: Total Dissolved Solids Meter
2.5.2 CHEMICAL WATER ANALYSISTEST FOR PH
pH is a term used universally to measure the degree of acidity or alkalinity of a solution. Lovibond comparator and pH disc are used to determine the pH.
PROCEDURE
Take 10ml of the water sample into the cuvette
Add 3 drops of bromothymol blue and shake
Take readings by finding a color match on the bromothymol disc and record the value

Figure SEQ Figure \* ARABIC 17: Lovibond comparator and pH discTEST FOR RESIDUAL CHLORINE
Residual chlorine is the amount of chlorine left in the water sample after going through treatment. Lovibond comparator and residual chlorine disc are used.
PROCEDURE:
Take 10ml of water sample in a small conical flask
Add DPD1 (diethyl-p-phenylenediamine) tablet and leave to dissolve
Transfer to cuvette and lovibond comparator
Take readings by finding a color match on the chlorine disc and recording its value

Figure SEQ Figure \* ARABIC 18: Lovibond comparator and chlorine discTEST FOR IRON
Presence of iron is what causes the brownish color in water. Lovibond comparator and residual chlorine disc are used.
PROCEDURE:
Take 10ml of water sample
Add 1 iron L-R tablet and leave to dissolve
Transfer to cuvette and lovibond comparator
Take readings by finding a color match on the iron disc and recording its value

Figure SEQ Figure \* ARABIC 19: Lovibond comparator and iron discSERIAL DILUTION: this is carried out for pH, iron, color and chlorine when the color of the test sample exceeds the color range on the discs. A measured amount of the test sample is taken diluted with distilled water to the 10ml mark of the cuvette then the value determined by matching the color using the appropriate disc.
Final Reading = (amount of sample/amount of distilled water of distilled water) x 10
TEST FOR ALKALINITY
Alkalinity is being tested to determine the waters capability to neutralize a strong acid. Alkalinity is present due to bicarbonate, carbonate and hydroxide compounds of CA, Na and K
PROCEDURE:
Take 100ml of the water sample in a 250ml conical flask
Add few drops of screened methyl orange
Titrate with 0.02N of sulphuric acid (H2SO4) until end point which is a color change from green to purple
Alkalinity = titre value x 10

Figure SEQ Figure \* ARABIC 20: Alkalinity Color ChangeTEST FOR ACIDITY
Acidity test is to determine the amount of hydrogen ion present in water. This is important because it determines the level of corrosiveness in the water.
PROCEDURE:
Take 100ml of the water sample in a 250ml conical flask
Add 3 drops of phenolphthalein
Titrate with sodium trioxocarbonate (Na2CO3)
Acidity = titre value x 10

Figure SEQ Figure \* ARABIC 21: Acidity Color ChangeTEST FOR TOTAL HARDNESS
This is a measure of the amount of calcium and magnesium salts in water sample via complexometric titration.
PROCEDURE:
Take 100ml of the water sample in a 250ml conical flask
Add 2.5ml of ammonium chloride (NH4Cl)
Add 2 drops of solochrome black T as the indicator
Titrate with EDTA until end point which is a color change from purple to blue
Total hardness = titre value x 10

Figure SEQ Figure \* ARABIC 22: Total Hardness Color ChangeTEST FOR CALCIUM HARDNESS
PROCEDURE:
Take 100ml of the water sample in a 250ml conical flask
Add 2ml of Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH)
Add a pinch of murexide
Titrate with EDTA until end point which is a color change from pink to light purple
Calcium hardness = titre value x 10
 

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