PSY116: Distinct Biological Sex Categories - Psychology Assessment Answer

Psychology Assessment Task

1. Sex and gender are ______ or mental frameworks through which people process their social worlds.

a. schemas

b. scripts
c. stereotypes

d. prejudices

2. In what ways do young women and young men use social networking sites differently?
   1. Women are more likely to post photos of large groups of female friends whereas men are more likely to post photos of pairs of friends.
   2. Men are more likely to use social networks to stay in touch with old and distant friends.

c. Women use more exaggerated emotional tones when communicating online.  

d. Men are more likely to discuss society and abstract problems than women.

3. ______ refers to the binary sex that doctors and parents perceive as the best option for newborn infants whose genitalia appear atypical.

a. Optimal sex
b. Target sex
c. Biological sex

 d. Socialized sex  

4. The complex series of processes that unfolds as embryos transition into an individual with male, female, or intersex genitalia is called ______.

a. sex selection (answer)
b. sex differentiation c. gender assignment d. genderization

5. _____ refers to an individual’s psychological experience of their gender.

a. Sex

b. Gender identity
c. Sexual identity
d. Gender orientation

6. When psychologists report discovering sex differences on some variable (e.g., optimism), what do they typically mean?

a. That these differences emerge from distinct biological sex categories.
b. That the difference between sexes has a large effect size.
c. That the difference has a practical level of significance.
d. That the observed difference is unlikely to have occurred due to chance.

7. Which of the following do sex binaries NOT accomplish?
   a. communicating the variety in the biological components of sex (ANSWER)

b. simplifying social interactions
c. organizing labor divisions
d. maintaining order in social institutions

8. People who do not feel a sense of belonging to any category of sex are referred to as ______. a. cisgender

b. transgender

c. agender (Answer)
d. pangender

9. Researchers manipulating the salience of sex as a grouping dimension in children’s classrooms have found that increasing the salience of sex leads to all of the following EXCEPT:

a. decreased playtime with other sex peers
b. increased in-group bias
c. decreased enjoyment of recreational activity

d. increased gender stereotyping

10. Evolutionary psychology faces a challenge to its scientific merit because ______.

1. the theory of natural selection has undergone recent revisions as our understanding of genetics has advanced
2. it does not contribute any meaningful hypotheses regarding same-sex relationship.

c. its predictions can be speculative and difficult to test empirically
d. there is evidence of increased bias in the field of evolutionary psychology

11. Sex differences in gendered self-views are larger in cultures that have more gender equality. How do Guimond and colleagues (2007) explain this counterintuitive finding?

a. Women make more cross-sex self-comparisons in cultures high in gender equality.

b. Women and men are freer to express their true values and attitudes in cultures high in gender equality.

c. Cultures low in gender equality also tend to be collectivistic.
d. Differences in the gene pool of European and non-European samples.

12. Which of the following traits is the BEST example of a trait that would give an organism a competitive edge with respect to intrasexual selection?

a. the ornate, colorful plumage of peacocks b. the headbutting horns of bighorn sheep c. the manes of lions(answer)
d. the elaborate songs and whistles of birds

13. What type of chromosome contains genes that code for attributes such as eye color, hair color, and height?

a. allosome
b. autosome
c. unisome
d. sex chromosomes

14. According to the gender self-socialization model, what type of person would be MOST likely to develop gendered self-views?

a. someone who identifies strongly with their sex and endorses gender stereotypes
b. someone who rejects gender stereotypes but identifies strongly with their sex
c. someone who does not identify strongly with their sex but endorses gender stereotypes (answer)

 d. someone who rejects gender stereotypes and does not identify strongly with their sex

15. A testable prediction regarding the outcome of a study is called a ______. a. theory

b. hypothesis

c. replication
d. boundary condition

16. Androcentric thinking refers to a bias ______.
a. that frames men or male typed traits as the default
b. favoring feminine traits over masculine traits
c. in research towards interpreting results in a way that paints men in a more negative light d. centering on sex differences rather than similarity

17. Using the term “sex” to refer to biological differences between men and women and the term “gender” to refer to the culturally constructed differences is problematic for which of the following reasons?

a. biology has too small of an influence to warrant its own term
b. it overemphasizes the role of socialization and cultural forces
c. it is difficult to pinpoint the precise influence of biology and culture in sex differences d. The terms "sex" and "gender" fail to account for issues related to intersectionality. (

18. Which of the following outcomes would NOT be consistent with the precarious manhood hypothesis?

a. Men are more likely than women to view losing their job will affect their reputation.
b. Men engage in more public displays of risky behavior.
c. Men who experience job loss as emasculating experience increased anxiety.
d. When women feel they are seen as “less of a woman,” they report greater depression. ()

19. Standard deviation is a measure of ______. a. variability

b. reliability
c. mean difference d. association

20. Heritability estimates are calculated by ______.
a. comparing the similarity of monozygotic and dizygotic twins
b. correlating the presence of specific genes with traits in a population (answer)
c. manipulating the social environment in which dizygotic twins are raised

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d. administering hormones to one twin in a monozygotic pair

21. Which of the following is NOT crucial to making causal inferences from a study? a. random assignment
b. manipulation
c. a representative sample

d. holding other variables constant

22. A gene-by-environment interaction occurs when ______.
a. a genetic tendency emerges only under certain environmental circumstances b. environmental factors influence personality regardless of genetic makeup (answer)
c. genetic predispositions emerge across different environments
d. environments pressure the selection of specific genes and traits

23. ______ refers to a culturally idealized and exaggerated vision of manhood that consists of competition, aggression, success, and toughness.

a. Precarious manhood
b. Competitive masculinity c. Hegemonic masculinity d. Prodigious manhood (answer)

24. Researchers have found that testosterone ______.
a. is stable and generally insensitive to social events
b. increases during competition but only for men
c. decreases when women perform masculine behaviors d. decreases when men perform feminine behaviors

25. According to Social Dominance Theory, group-based social hierarchies emerge from ______. a. fair and legitimate systems of social reward
b. certain groups being more fit to survive in their environment
c. personalities of specific groups inherently desiring more status

d. systems of discrimination that operate on the individual, interpersonal, and institutional level

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