PSYC30013: Research Methods for Human Inquiry - Statistics Assignment Help

Assignment Task

The story

Punk music

Q1. First, as always, let's visualise the data. In the code chunk for this question make the appropriate figure visualizing the attendance for each of the venues. Your figure should show each of the individual data points as well as a different geom displaying a summary for each venue, a colour scheme (other than the default) with different colours for each venue and the colours of the data points matching the geom, no legend, and of course a title, informative axis labels, and a nice theme.

Q2 There are several assumptions you could test, but for the sake of simplicity we will focus on the normality assumption (you may presume that homogeneity of variance holds). Evaluate normality using the appropriate test. In 30 words or less, report the statistical test and indicate what the results of the code reveal (including stats reference). Was the assumption violated? How can you tell?

Q3 Run the appropriate statistical test to evaluate the research hypothesis given Q2. Report on the results in 60 words or less. In your report, don't worry about including descriptive statistics but do include an explanation of which statistical test you used, what the predictor and outcome variables were, the appropriate stats reference, the effect size and its interpretation, and the interpretation of this data in terms of the research question.

Q4 Perform post-hoc pairwise tests and in 40 words or less, report the tests and which venues (if any) had significantly lower attendance than others, along with their p-values. You do not need to report the non-significant venues or their p-value

Art

Q5 Run the appropriate statistical test to evaluate Cuddly Paws’ question and report on the results in 80 words or less. In your report, don’t worry about including descriptive statistics, but do include an explanation of which statistical test you used and why, the appropriate stats reference, and the interpretation of this data in terms of the research question. Don’t worry about effect size.

Meatball Café

Q6 Run the appropriate statistical test to evaluate the research hypothesis, assuming for now that no assumptions have been violated. Report on the results in 170 words or less. In your report, don't worry about including descriptive statistics but do include an explanation of which statistical test you used, the predictor and outcome variables, the stats reference, and the interpretation of this data in terms of the research question. Include effect size and a description and interpretation of all the significant unstandardised coefficients except the interaction (whether it is significant or not). Don’t worry about calculating or reporting standardised coefficients.

Q7 There are four things we discussed in lectures that you should check for the test you just ran. Check them in the four code chunks (the order does not matter). For each, indicate what checked, what the results indicate, and how you can tell. Use no more than 180 words total for this entire question.

Q8 Given the results in Q6 and Q7, what would you do to answer this research question? You may use the code chunk to make any figure(s) you think necessary to figure out what is going on. You do not need to perform any additional tests or analyses, but you should say what you think is going on as well as you would do and why if you were in this situation in real life. This could include describing any additional analyses that you would perform and how they would support different conclusions. Use no more than 240 words. [Note: this is a challenging question and you are being asked to critically think about the data and the rest of the process. Marks depend primarily on the clarity, appropriateness, and thoroughness of your discussion. There are multiple ways to earn full credit.]

New leader

Q9 First, as always, let's visualise the data. In the code chunk for this question make a bar plot showing the support for each person. You should have two panels, one corresponding to Bunny land and one for Other land. Within each panel, the two bars should be semi-transparent and of different colours (not the default) and should how the mean support for LFB and Rainbow respectively (with error bars corresponding to standard error) and individual data points in the same colour as the bars. Your figure should also have no legend, a title, informative axis labels, and a nice theme.

Q10 For simplicity let's assume that all the assumptions of the relevant statistical test have been met, so you don't have to evaluate them. Instead, run the appropriate statistical test to evaluate LFB and Rainbow’s research question and report on the results in 120 words or less. In your report, don't worry about descriptive statistics but do include an explanation of which statistical test you used, the appropriate stats reference, and the interpretation of this data in terms of the research question. Don’t worry about effect size or any post-hoc tests.

Psychology

Q11 Check the assumption of normality in the code chunk below. In 40 words or less, report the statistical test and indicate what the results of the code reveal (including stats reference(s)). Was the assumption violated? How can you tell?

Q12 Run the appropriate statistical test to evaluate the research question and report on the results in 170 words or less. In your report, include descriptive statistics (means, not sd ) and effect size (including interpretation) as well as an explanation of which statistical test you used and why, the appropriate stats reference, and the interpretation of this data in terms of the research question. What does this result indicate, if anything, about whether Foxy is as good of a psychologist as Bunny, and why?

Adventurers

Q13 Calculate a Pearson correlation between distance and food and report on the results in 60 words or less. In your report, use the appropriate stats reference and interpret what this result suggests about the relationship between distance and food. How does the correlation you found relate to the R2 you would obtain if you ran a regression with distance as the outcome and food as the predictor?

Q14 Their main question is about how these variables are related to sleep and specifically which of them matter, if any. For this we are going to do model selection. For simplicity let's assume that all assumptions are met. In the code chunk below, create the following three models (you don't have to show the output, just create them).

1. modelSD: sleep is the outcome variable, distance is the only predictor

2. modelSF: sleep is the outcome variable, food is the only predictor

3. modelSDF: sleep is the outcome variable, distance and food are both predictors, but there is no interaction

Q14a. Perform model selection between these three using AIC or BIC (either is fine) as the complexity penalty. In no more than 15 words, state which model is preferred and why (you don’t need to report the AIC/BIC results, just interpret them).

Q14b. In no more than 85 words, explain why we use something like AIC or BIC to do model selection, rather than just picking the model that has the highest R2.

Q15 In 130 words or less, report the best-fitting model from Q14, including a description of which statistical test you used, your predictor and outcome variables, the appropriate stats references, and the interpretation of the research question in terms of this data. Don’t report effect size or the interpretation of the unstandardised coefficients but do discuss the relative strength of the predictors and why the size of the values of the undstandardised and standardized coefficients are different.

Statistical consulting

Q16.

Q16a. Which of the following statistical references is impossible? For (i) and (ii) indicate your answer by reporting A or B. Use your knowledge about each test statistic and how it is related to degrees of freedom and p-values to answer this question. You do not need to do any coding.

Q16b. For each answer in Q16a, explain it by describing intuitively what the test statistic captures and thus why you chose the answer you did, making reference to the degrees of freedom and/or p-value as appropriate. Use no more than 130 words in total for this question.

Q17.

Q17a. For each of the following equations, indicate which figure on the right it corresponds to. (Note: you do not need to code anything for this problem; just use your understanding about what the various coefficients mean, and pay special attention to the positive and negative signs).

Q17b. For each answer in Q17a, explain why you chose it by discussing the relevant aspects of the equation and how they map onto the figure. You do not need to discuss every single part of the equation and the figure, only the ones that were relevant for distinguishing them. [Note: we are not looking for answers of the form “I ruled out all of the other possibilities, so it must be this one”; although you can mention this if it was part of your reasoning process, each answer must make reference to that equation and the figure in some way]. Use no more than 150 words in total for this question.

Q18. Quackers has been struggling with statistics – he thinks it is annoying for some reason! – so he decides to ask you one of his questions. “I don’t understand something about non-parametric tests like the Wilcoxon,” he says. “I get that we should use them if assumptions of normality are violated and we can’t use things like the Welch t-test. But why not use them all of the time? If they make fewer assumptions, aren’t they better?” Quackers goes on, “I asked Shadow and Little Blue about this but they were in a rush and just muttered something about Type 2 error and power, which I didn’t catch. So can you explain it to me, including what power and Type 2 error has to do with it?” You have 110 words or less.

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