Research Group Examining Smoking Status and Body Weight - Statistics Assignment Help

Assignment Task

Task
The following items ask for you to identify the statistical test that was used or should be used and to interpret various results. For ease of grading, please provide your response underneath each question. When you finish, submit/upload your completed Quiz via Canvas (within the Quiz 2 assignment tab).
For some questions, you will need to copy/paste SPSS results into this Word document. To do so: Right click” on the section of the SPSS output, select “copy as image” and then “paste” it into a Word document. Alternatively, you can take screen shots of the SPSS output and paste the image into Word.
A research group examined whether mean body weight (in lbs.) differs based on smoking status in a sample of adult men and women. There were three smoking status groups: does not smoke, smokes tobacco occasionally, smokes tobacco regularly. The research group has sent you the below SPSS output and has asked for your assistance with interpretation. Please assist them by answering these questions:
What is the null hypothesis?
What is the alternative hypothesis?
What statistical test was conducted?
What is the sample size?
Has the “homogeneity of variance across groups” assumptions been violated? Support your answer using information from the SPSS output.
Summarize the SPSS results and conclusion. Be sure your response includes the test statistic along with the degrees of freedom and p-value.
Should the researchers conduct a post-hoc t-test to identify which groups may differ? Why or why not?
Figure 1. SPSS Output from Research Group Examining Smoking Status and Body Weight.



The CDC has identified the mean age-adjusted height of men ages 20 and older to be 69.1 inches. A group of researchers wants to test whether the mean height in men from their dataset is significantly different than 69.1 inches. Assume they have a simple random sample from a normally distributed population. Height was measured only one time for each participant. Please provide responses to the following questions:
What is the appropriate statistical test?
What is the null hypothesis?
What is the alternative hypothesis?
Prior to testing their hypothesis, the researchers used SPSS to review sample descriptives and the distribution of their height variable. Answer questions c1-c4 after reviewing their results pasted below:
c1) What is the sample size?
c2) What is the mean height (in inches) of the sample (rounded to two decimal places)?
c3) What is the standard deviation of height (in inches) of the sample (rounded to two decimal places)?
c4) Based on the below histogram of the frequency distribution, is height in men substantially skewed or relatively normally distributed?
Figure 2. SPSS Output of Descriptive Statistics and Frequency Histogram for Height in Men.

3) Download the SPSS data set “Quiz #2 Dataset – Weight Loss Program.sav” that contains BMI data in a sample of women who were involved in a weight lost program at their local health center. Assume that a simple random sample has been selected. Each participant provided data at the baseline (before the program began) and 1 year later (at the end of the program). There are four variables in the file. “ID” is the identification number for each person in the data file. “preBMI” is the BMI from baseline, and “postBMI” is the BMI at the end of the program. “BMIdiff” is the difference score (BMI change) calculated from preBMI and postBMI. The health center has asked for your assistance in determining whether this program resulted in significant mean changes in BMI. Use a two-tailed alpha of 0.05.
What is the appropriate statistical test?
What is the sample size?
What is the null hypothesis?
What is the alternative hypothesis?
Assume these data (e.g., difference pairs) do not violate the assumption of normality. Proceed with using SPSS to test the hypothesis. Copy and Paste the output below. Summarize the results and conclusion. Be sure your response includes the test statistic along with the degrees of freedom and p-value.
4) Download the SPSS dataset “Quiz 2 – Development and Testosterone.sav” which contains testosterone data in boys (early-to-mid adolescence) and young adult men. Each participant has only provided one testosterone sample and none of the participants are related. There are three variables in the file. “ID” is the identification number for each person in the data file. “Development” indicates whether the participant is in the early-to-mid adolescent age group or the young adult age group. “Testosterone” indicates the level of testosterone collected during the study visit. As a researcher you are interested in testing whether the developmental groups significantly differ on mean levels of testosterone. Use a two-tailed alpha of 0.05.
What is the appropriate statistical test?
What is the null hypothesis?
What is the alternative hypothesis?
What is the total sample size? What is the sample size of the early-to-mid adolescent group? What is the sample size of the young adult group?
Assume these data do not violate the assumption of normality. Perform the appropriate analysis to test for developmental differences in mean levels of testosterone. Summarize the SPSS results and conclusion. Be sure to speak to whether the variances are significantly different. Take a conservative approach and report results based on equal variances not assumed.
5) Download the SPSS “Quiz 2 – Social Distancing and Loneliness.sav” file that contains loneliness scores for three groups of individuals that were under different social distancing guidelines. Each participant provided data only one time, and these data are independent. There are three variables in the file. “ID” is the identification number for each person in the data file. “SocDist” is the grouping variable based on Social Distancing experience. There are three social distance groups: 1) Shelter in Place orders, 2) Shut-down of non-essential business but no Shelter in Place orders, 3) Recommendation to engage in social distancing but no formal state action/orders. “Loneliness” is a measure of perceived feelings of loneliness and lack of social connectedness. As a researcher you are interested in testing whether loneliness scores differ across the three social distancing groups. Use an alpha of 0.05.
What is the appropriate statistical test?
What is the null hypothesis?
What is the alternative hypothesis?
What is the overall sample size?
As an initial step in the analyses, run frequencies on the social distancing variable (which will show you the sample size in each group). Copy and paste the SPSS output for these below. What was the social distancing status of most participants?Next, run descriptive statistics on the outcome "Loneliness.” Generate the frequency histogram (Note: you do not need to include the frequency table), mean, and standard deviation for the overall sample and for each social distancing group separately. Copy and paste the SPSS output below. Interpret/summarize this descriptive information. Be sure to address whether the assumption of normality appears to be violated given any

 
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