Research Project in Public Health - Nursing Assignment Help

Assignment Task -

Learning Outcomes

 1.Integrate and apply their knowledge and skills in public health

2. Develop research skills and apply these to a public health issue

3. Conduct a small literature review which critically analyses key issues on a public health research topic

4. Define and justify a research question, based on the literature/public health issue, and outline its significance

5.  Understand the principles of ethics and apply these to a research proposal.

Context:
This assessment is prescribed to advance literature searching, critical analysis, research question development, and research planning and project management skills. This assessment involves developing a research question, conducting a thorough literature review, defining a gap in the literature, expressing a research question, describing the methodology and methods that will be used to answer the research question, and developing a GANTT chart to guide use of time in Capstone B. It assesses the key understanding necessary for conceptualising and developing a research proposal, which will prepare you for the use of research methods as a public health practitioner.

Domestic Violence can be contexted as coordinated repetitive behaviors that are used to gain power and maintain control over another person. This can include physical, sexual, social, technological, and financial abuse (Domestic Abuse Project, 2016). Violence is common in Australia- 2 among 5 people are known to have experienced at least one instance of abuse by the age of 15 years (Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2018). Shreds of evidence depict that women are highly victimized by a known person or family member as compared to men who tend to experience violence from a stranger or in a commonplace. Women tend to experience violence more than men. As per the (Council of Australian Governments, 2011), common forms of violence experienced includes intimate partner violence, domestic violence and sexual abuse. Any sort of abuse or violence does not only affect the perpetrator or the victim, but it ripples through the whole family, including children. The long-term impacts of domestic violence on children reduce the chances of those children leading a healthy and holistically balanced life.

This paper studied the previous researches that looked at the impacts of witnessing domestic violence on children. The purpose of this paper was to provide detailed information about the studies that have been done about the particular issue, summarize key findings and address gaps in the studies done.

Why is it significant? What do we know?

Violence against women occurs on an extensive scale in the Australian population, however, the actual extent of the problem remains unknown because of no reporting of many such incidences (Phillips & Vandenbroek, 2014). According to the data released by (Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2014), a notable number of Australian children are exposed to domestic and family violence in their homes. The data also revealed that of all the women victims of domestic violence from a current partner, 54 percent had children in their care at the time of abuse and  31 percent of the children had witnessed violence and of those who were abused by a former partner, 61 percent had children in their care and 48 percent of children had seen or heard violence. Also, the Family Violence Incidence Report by Victoria Police in 2014 stated that 65,393 family violence incidents were attended by them, out of which 22, 445 (34 percent) had children present at the time of incident occurrence. The data revealed by (Domestic Abuse Project, 2016) revealed that 275 million children in the whole world witness domestic violence on average in a year. The effects of witnessing domestic violence can be negative and can even pose a higher risk to children being abused.  

What is Domestic Violence and Family Violence?

It has always been a debatable issue to explain violence. There has always been the usage of contradictory terms to explain the concept. According to the (Council of Australian Governments, 2011), any actions that lead to or can lead any sort of harm to a person, which includes physical, mental, emotional, social and financial, or even threats is Violence.  Domestic violence or intimate partner violence is any of the above-mentioned actions that are done by the previous or current partner whereas domestic or family violence is the violence that occurs between family members and intimate partners as well (Phillips & Vandenbroek, 2014) . The basic motive of domestic violence is an ongoing behavior to dominate or control a partner by inducing fear or force. Violence is a common term used to describe all types of actions that result in the suffering of one or more than one person directly or indirectly.

Instructions:
By the end of Module 6, students will submit their full project proposal. The previous paper for literature review has been attached.The research is secondary and this assignment is research proposal which has to be policy analysis, considering the specific details in the previous paper attached below. This must include the following sections:

Introduction
introductory background regarding the public health problem, including broad project aim Literature review describing the current knowledge on this topic, the key ideas, theories, and issues, and the gap/conflict that your project will resolve.

• start with broad knowledge; narrow focus to your population and issue of interest
• end with your research question/project aim, and a justification of the significance of the project
• Project design and methods
• the method you will use to address your project aims
•  a detailed explanation of each step you will take to complete your project (including data type, collection, and analysis for research projects)
• justification of your project design – why is this the right way to address your project aims? ethical considerations of the project Dissemination plan. 

Research Methodology and Scope

 This report focussed on exploring the question: What are the effects of witnessing domestic violence on children? Searching was conducted throughout the span of four weeks from October 12, 2020 to November 8, 2020. The researcher developed the key search criteria to analyze the available literature. The researcher had proficient knowledge about the different terminologies that were used to explain domestic and family violence (Campo, 2015). The words used in combination in all searches included: domestic violence, family violence, intimate partner violence, child*, adolescen*, youth, study, qualitative, research, impacts, effects, experiences.

Databases used for search included google scholar, state library of south Australia, PLOS, ProQuest Central, ScienceDirect, PubMed Central, CINAHL, Australian Bureau of Statistics, Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, Council of Australian Government and Closing the Gap Clearinghouse.

Review inclusion and exclusion criteria

Papers were initially considered included if the title and abstract met the following criteria:

• Published between 2010 and 2020.

• Researches including Australia and other equivalent western countries (Canada, United States of America, United Kingdom, New Zealand).

• Published in the English language.

• Studies including children and adolescents aged 18 years and less.

• Papers including the target population witnessing any sort of violence in their home.

• The meta-analysis, qualitative and ethnographic studies.

• Peer-reviewed and grey literature.

Cognitive and Emotional Impairment

Children who have witnessed or heard any sort of violence in their homes have alarmed levels of negative consequences on brain functioning. Many articles illustrated that children who had either witnessed or experienced domestic or family violence are less socially competent as compared to others. It is evident that violence exposure poses an unimaginable burden on children and has a detrimental impact on all developmental stages. Impairment leads to difficulty in maintaining normal functioning. Problems in cognitive functioning lead to problems in day to day task management.  They are weak in academics and have slow or lesser thinking and analyzing capacity as compared to other children. And emotional dysfunction results in being unable to maintain relationships whether family, peer, or social (Howell, Barnes, Miller, & Graham Berman, 2016).

Such children often exhibit signs of depression, anxiety, eating disorders and symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder. All these signs are adding on to the reasons why children who either witness violence or have been abused, struggle in making relations in all phases of their lives. It is vital to reflect on the fact that many such children become flexible and do not show any of the above-mentioned signs and symptoms. (Schnurr & Lohman, 2013)conducted a study on toddlers to study the effects of exposure to domestic violence on children in which they studied a random sample of more than 2000 children from low-income status in Bosco, Chicago and San Antonio. Their study revealed that childhood experience of domestic violence only did not impact children, yet prolonged exposure to violence and victimization of mothers in intimate partner violence had even adverse outcomes. Children who witness their carers as victims of domestic violence start showing regressive signs similar to the actual victim.

Such imperfectly regulated systems of the body that help in managing cognition and emotions can have consequences like chemical abuse, serious illegal offenses and assault. A study conducted by (Hungerford, Ogle, & Clements, 2010) concluded that people who are exposed to violence tend to have problematic life in the context of relationships and bonds in school. According to the report by (Marriner, 2015), children who witness domestic violence have the potential to develop anti-social behavior. According to the author, the prevalence rate of the impact of domestic violence remains pretty the same throughout the years, which makes it harder to bring changes. The research revealed that parents had observed their children having trouble with sleeping, eating, being incontinent during bedtime, losing sensitization to violence and aggression.

Behavioral Issues

The common theme found in many pieces of research done documented that being merely present in a violent environment had unimaginable effects on behavioral patterns of children. The effects are long term and continue through generations, if not treated. Behavioral issues can include being anti-social, afraid, anxious, aggressive or violent, psychotic behaviors and deficient development. These effects can vary from child to child and not all children have negative impacts. Some children become academically excellent and consider the school as an area where they can control their day to day activities. As explained by (Richards, 2011), it depends on various factors of how children cope with stress and trauma that happens as a result of witnessing violence. These factors may include age, gender, coping skills and the support they receive. Boys tend to have more effect on their external behaviors whereas girls have an impact on their complete behavioral patterns.

Conclusion

Domestic violence has been a chronic public issue that has run throughout the world from long-gone ages. The issue is not necessarily prevalent in a specific population group but happens in all population groups. Domestic violence not only affects the perpetrator or the victim, but it also affects other people who are related to the two. Children are the most vulnerable population group that suffers not only by being abuse but equally by witnessing it.

There is evidence that a lot of such incidences go unreported and those reported included children witnessing it. Sadly, the effects of domestic violence are detrimental and have long term generation to generation effects. Traumatic experiences like these for children, who are still in their growing phase, have negative impacts on children. Such children always have concerns in trusting people, forming relationships in school and society, have troubled relationships, have behavior issues like aggression, fearfulness, anxiety, depression and various traumatic and somatic symptoms. It is evident from the researches that witnessing or hearing domestic violence has equal negative consequences as being abused has. The only way to discontinue this chain of violence and its effects is by adequate and appropriate interventions.

The researches are limited to study the effects that witnessing domestic or family violence has on children rather than experiencing it. The effects are long-lasting and can even lead children to commit crimes in the future. It depends on children's coping capacity that whether they exhibit any internalizing and externalizing factors or whether they become even more strong and excel in their lives. However, a lot of specific research still needs to be done to reveal in-depth details about the cause. Primary intervention could help in preventing such exposure to children. But it requires to make an acceptable environment which breaks the silence among the public about the issue and bring the concerns to public ligh.

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