Roadmaps to Transition Countries to 100% Clean, Renewable Energy for All Purposes - Management Assignment Help

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Roadmaps to Transition Countries to 100% Clean, Renewable Energy for All Purposes to Curtail Global Warming, Air Pollution, and Energy Risk Mark Z. Jacobson Atmosphere/Energy Program, Department of Civil and Environment Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford CA, USA Abstract Solving the problems of global warming, air pollution, and energy security requires a massive effort by individuals, communities, businesses, nonprofits, and policy makers around the world. The first step in that process is to have a plan. To that end, roadmaps to transition 139 countries of the world to 100% clean, renewable wind, water, and solar power for all energy purposes (electricity, transportation, heating, cooling, industry, agriculture, forestry, and fishing) by 2050, with 80% by 2030, have been developed. The evolution, characteristics, and impacts to date of these plans are briefly described.

Plain Language Summary

Global warming, air pollution death, and disease, and energy security are massive problems facing the world today. The solution to these problems requires individuals, communities, businesses, nonprofits, and policy makers around the world to transition themselves and their constituents from fossil fuels to clean and renewable energy sources. The first step in the transition is to develop a plan. Here, plans to transition 139 countries of the world to 100% clean, renewable wind, water, and solar power for all energy sectors (electricity, transportation, heating, cooling, industry, agriculture, forestry, and fishing) by 2050, with 80% by 2030, are summarized. The evolution, characteristics, and impacts to date of these plans are also described.

1. Background

The acceleration of global warming and air pollution health problems due to anthropogenic emissions is cause for alarm among nations worldwide. The increasing thirst for energy and competition for limited fossil fuel supplies among a growing population is another. Such worries have resulted in the international community seeking alternatives to fossil fuels. In one set of proposals to address these problems, Jacobson and Delucchi (2009, 2011), Delucchi and Jacobson (2011), and Jacobson et al. (2015a, 2015b) posited that the world as a whole and individual U.S. states could run entirely on wind, water, and solar (WWS) power after all energy sectors were electrified or powered by heat directly and after energy efficiency measures were put in place. Only WWS electricity and heat generation were considered following the scientific assessment of Jacobson (2009). That study concluded that WWS technologies “will result in the most benefit among the options considered,” in terms of carbon-equivalent emissions, air pollution health impacts, water use, land footprint, land spacing, wildlife impacts, resource availability, thermal pollution, water chemical pollution, radioactive waste, weapons proliferation, catastrophic risk, energy supply disruption, and normal operating reliability. The study further concluded that nuclear power, fossil fuels with carbon capture and sequestration (CCS), and biofuels for transportation offered less benefit than WWS options in terms of the same factors, thus were opportunity costs. Since then, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC, 2014, p. 517) has similarly concluded with respect to nuclear that there is “robust evidence” and “high agreement” that “Barriers to and risks associated with an increasing use of nuclear energy include operational risks and the associated safety concerns, uranium mining risks, financial and regulatory risks, unresolved waste management issues, nuclear weapons proliferation concerns, and adverse public opinion.”

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