Highlights
1. Introduction and background
Break up in two sections:
Introduction: The introduction lays the groundwork by citing the origin of the idea/problem, why the topic is important to discipline, country (SA), region and globe. Have others studied this area and are there a gap worth exploring?
Background:
Location of study - situation currently in the organisation where the study will be; the problem(s); how the problem manifests itself; what is done about the problem; how the workplace is impacted by the problem; how the problem has developed; and the need to study this topic.
2. Problem statement
Break up in five sections:
Problem statement:
a concise statement of the problem/question around the problem; the impact of the problem (independent and dependent variables, if possible); location of problem; time/length of the problem; the size of the effect. Problem(s) should be concisely stated in the Main problem and Sub-problem(s) (if any).
Explanation of problem(s):
Information about the problem(s), its extent and magnitude context where the problem exists; manifestation of a problem(s); how the problem(s) is experienced in practice; evidence/statistics and its impact (results/effects) on the workplace or society; why is the problem important for researching? have other authors identified or addressed this problem before? if already researched, then what is the research gap to be addressed by this research?
Research questions:
The answers of these questions will give answers (causes and possible solutions) to the problem(s) (i.e. possible questions in data collection instrument).
Aim of the study: Reflect the main purpose of conducting the research. Broadly, what is the study meant to accomplish? It is a broad statement of what the research intends to achieve or contribute towards. Each aim must be linked to the research problems [main aim and sub-
aim(s) must be kept separately]; aim(s) must solve the problems or provide answers to the cause of the problems.
Research objectives:
(Preferably not more than 4 objectives) Objectives are achievable and outcome-based research intentions. They are concise statements that describe what the study will accomplish. Reflect on specifics, and provide a statement or statements on what the study achieves at completion. Words such as discover, explain, evaluate, determine are useful in stating objectives. Where objectives are numerous, they should be numbered (restrict objectives to preferably 4 or fewer. All objectives should help achieve research aim(s) (alignment) – they can make up steps to achieve a specific aim.
3. Research methodology
The following areas should be covered:
Research method:
Explain whether the research will be qualitative, quantitative or combines the two (mixed methods) and why? Or will the study be qualitative sequential quantitative?
Give references
Research population:
Who is the population of a study, i.e., from who the sample is to be drawn. Check the title of the study once more for clear reference to who is to be studied. Inclusion and exclusion of units from the study population must be unambiguous as this affects the ability to generalise from the study because generalisations can only be made to the population or similar groups. The units of the population are the units of analysis that are used for sampling. Collectively, the study units make the population of the study.
Research sampling:
Who, from the population defined above, will be selected for participation in the study? (E.g., the population can be females admitted at a particular hospital
but the sample may be only mothers who gave birth in the past two weeks). Remember, quantitative sampling requires probabilistic/representative sampling methods like random sampling, systematic sampling, or stratified random. Define the chosen methods and justify why they are the most appropriate. Note the concept of saturation for a qualitative study and generalizable sample sizes in quantitative studies. Referencing is very important.
Data collection instrument(s):
What data collection instrument is to be used in this research and why? E.g., a structured questionnaire, a standardised questionnaire, or an interview guide. Where is information for the development of these instruments to be found? How credible/reliable are the instruments going to be (e.g., piloting of the questionnaire.
Data analysis:
How will data be captured? How will coding be done? What is the instrument/programme to be used for data analysis methods (E.g., NVIVO, ATLAS TI, SPSS)? What data analysis techniques are to be performed (descriptive or measures of central tendencies? [e.g., mean, median, SD, etc.]) and why? Or will it be inferential statistical analysis for drawing inferences and federalisation like hypothesis testing [Chi-Squared tests, ANOVA?] factor analysis, correlations or regression)? Why are these the most relevant techniques and how will they help respond to the research questions and objectives? Give references.
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