The Afghans Their History and Culture - Arts & Humanities Assignment Help

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Introduction: Afghans in the United States
The Afghan population in the United States shares a common nationality and religion but is diverse in terms of political orientation, religious affiliation, ethnicity, social class, and attitude toward modernization. The importance of this diversity cannot be overstated. In terms of ethnicity alone, there are 19 different groups in Afghanistan, and, while the majority of Afghans in the United States are Pashtun and Tajik, there is an Uzbek minority in New York, as well as some Afghan Jews and Hindus, and Hazaras are scattered around the country.
It is difficult to determine how many Afghans are in the United States. A conservative estimate, based on figures provided by the Immigration and Naturalization Service, is 60,000, but some knowledgeable Afghans state that the San Francisco Bay Area community alone includes 40,000  people of Afghan descent. Northern Virginia is the second largest community, with about 20,000 people. There are some 10,000 in the Los Angeles area, and there are other communities in New York, Georgia, Oregon, and Texas. The most active community is in the San Francisco Bay area; it supports eight mosques and many cultural organizations and businesses.
Before the 1979 Soviet invasion, most Afghans entering the United States were from Kabul and had been employed in government administration or education. After the Soviet invasion,
Afghans became stranded here as students or sought asylum as diplomats. Between 1979 and 1989, the great majority of Afghans who came to the United States were resettled as refugees, and the majority of these were family members of Afghans who were already living in this country.
In the early 1980s, the first arrivals were members of the urban, highly educated elite. Many were wealthy. The family reunification program brought less affluent, less educated relatives.
The majority was from Kabul and other cities and came through Pakistan and India. Many spent time in Europe, especially Germany, before coming to the United States. Relatively few came directly from refugee camps. A small group of Afghans came from rural areas where there was little opportunity for education or contact with Westerners. Many of these Afghans are nonliterate and maintain a traditional lifestyle.
Since 1989, when the Soviets withdrew from Afghanistan, factional fighting among warring mujahideen groups plagued Afghanistan, destroying cities and towns and forcing most professional Afghans to flee the country. In the 1980s and early 1990s, most refugees entering Pakistan were ethnic Pashtuns who settled in largely Pashtun areas of northern Pakistan. During this time, most Afghan arrivals were admitted as family-sponsored immigrants. The United States admitted a small number of Afghan refugees, about 1,500 a year, until 1994, when admissions virtually ceased.

Recent Afghan Refugees
In 1996, after the Pashtun-dominated Taliban rose to power, ethnic minorities and opponents of the Taliban suffered persecution and fled to Pakistan. For many Afghan refugees, persecution continued in Pakistan, where they were threatened and in some cases killed. The Tajikdominated government in northern Afghanistan collapsed in 1998, bringing social services to an end and putting unaccompanied women and children at great risk.
Since 1999, the United States has admitted those refugees who entered Pakistan after 1996 and who are considered to be in special need of protection by the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR). These UNHCR-referred cases can be divided into two categories: Those that include a male head of household in the family and those that are classified as “women-atrisk,” or “WAR,” cases.
In the first category are refugees who have been victims of state torture as the result of their political affiliation, race, religious beliefs, or membership in a particular group. Men outnumber women in these cases, and about half cite political persecution as the primary reason for their flight to Pakistan, while a quarter cite race. Of this category of refugees, more than half are  Tajik. The majority are educated and speak Dari. The average age of the men is 42, and the average age of women is 32.

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