Highlights
Study design
This systematic review and meta-analysis was performed in accor- dance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and
Data extraction
Two reviewers performed selection of studies and data extraction inde- pendently (M.W. and D.L.Y.). The following information: name of the first author, year of publication, country, study design, setting, sample size, mean age, PU staging system, blinding, cut-off value, and predic- tive validity index, such as TP (true positive), FP (false positive), TN (true negative), and FN (false negative) were extracted from each included study. Disagreement was resolved by a third reviewer (Q.M.F).
Quality assessment
The Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies-2 (QUADAS-2) tool was used to assess the quality of predictive validity studies.17 The QUADAS-2 consists of 13 questions. The studies were assessed independently by two authors (M.W. and D.L.Y.). Discrepant quality assessments were adjudicated by discussions or resolved by a third author (Q.M.F.).
Statistical analysis and data synthesis
The data were processed by using MetaDiSc 1.4 (version 0.6, Spain). Cochran's Q-test and I 2 statistic were used to determine the heteroge-neity; P < .1 by Cochran's Q-test and I 2 > 50% indicate a significant heterogeneity.18 Spearman correlation analysis was adopted to test the heterogeneity caused by threshold effect.12,19 If P > .05, there was no threshold effect. If no threshold effect was found, meta- regression was performed to explore the other causes of heterogene- ity. The overall pooled sensitivity, specificity, and diagnostic odds ratio (DOR), with 95% confidence interval (CI), were estimated by using DerSimonian and Laird's random-effects model. In addition, area under the curve (AUC) of summary receiver operating characteristics (SROC) curve was calculated to assess the predictive accuracy of the Braden Scale. Publication bias was not assessed because the number of identified studies was very small.20
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