The Doppler Effect - Continuous Wave Ultrasound Beam - Engineering Assignment Help

Assignment Task:

Self-Assessment Questions 

1. Describe and explain the Doppler effect 

2. Describe and explain the expected changes in arterial blood flow in the region of stenosis. 

3. A 9.5 MHz continuous wave ultrasound beam is incident at an angle of 60° on a superficial structure moving at 20cms–1. What is the Doppler shift frequency encountered in this situation? 

4. What theoretically, is the Doppler shift frequency that should be obtained when a Doppler probe is held at right angles to a blood vessel? Why is it that the experimentally measured shift in this situation, is different to the theoretically expected one? 

5. A 5 MHz pulsed wave Doppler ultrasound instrument is used to study moving structures at a depth of 10cm in the body. What is the maximum p.r.f. that may be used to unambiguously interrogate this depth, and what then is the maximum structure velocity that can be measured at this depth? 

6. Describe the construction and operation of a basic CW Doppler instrument. 

7. Sketch a typical Doppler spectrum obtained from a normal artery. Discuss the information displayed and how it relates to the arterial blood flow. 

8. What is the recommended range of Doppler angles for spectral Doppler? What are the issues outside of this range? 

9. What is aliasing in Doppler ultrasound? Explain this phenomenon and how it presents in each of the following:- 

• CW spectral Doppler 

• PW spectral Doppler 

• Colour Doppler Imaging 

• Power Doppler Imaging 

10. What is spectral broadening? How does it present, and what are the factors that contribute to this component of the displayed Doppler spectrum? 

11. What is the role of the wall thump filter and what are the issues in setting this filter? 

12. Write brief notes to describe and explain the information displayed in a colour Doppler image. 

13. Compare and contrast the technologies of Colour- and Power- Doppler Imaging. 

14. Explain the processes of autocorrelation and stationary echo cancellation in Colour Doppler Imaging. 

15. Discuss the issues relating to the artefactual display of flow direction in colour Doppler Imaging. 

16. Sketch colour Doppler images obtained using a linear array with the colour box steered to the right, unsteered, and to the left, and showing blood flow in an artery positioned roughly parallel to the skin, with the blood flowing from left to right in the Doppler images. 

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